Main Diseases of Avocado in Brazil

There may be many factors contributing to reduction in longevity and productivity in avocado trees, especially diseases of fungal and fungal-like pathogens, among which Phytophthora root rot, scab, cercospora spot, anthracnose, branch canker and stem-end rot are the most important. Phytophthora root rot is the most important disease of avocado. The pathogen attacks the fine feeder roots of avocado plants and induces multiple symptoms, and, if left untreated, can result in the death of trees and high economic losses. Scab and cercospora spot mainly affect fruit quality and cause fruit drop in intense attacks. Anthracnose and stem-end rot cause severe losses under favorable environmental conditions and the absence of preventive control, occurring mainly in postharvest, during storage and transport of the fruits. Branch canker affects the seedling set and reduces the productivity of the orchard, which can even cause the death of trees in severe attacks. The permanent occurrence of diseases in some areas may turn the crop unprofitable, which requires knowledge and adequate management to obtain productivity and high quality fruits. This review cover the main avocado diseases, their symptoms, etiology, epidemiology and management.