Effects of Concentration and Duration of Contact on the Insecticidal Effects of Clove (syzygium Aromaticum) Oil on Cowpea Beetle (callosobruchus Maculatus)

Syzgium aromaticum is an evergreen spice plant with biocidal and insecticidal activities. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of Syzgium aromaticum oil as a safe alternative to synthetic agrochemicals currently used for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus, the principal postharvest pest of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) - a major plant protein source in Africa. Pulverised dried flower buds of Syzgium aromaticum were extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus to obtain clove oil. The oil was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique and the major components of the oil were eugenol (72.8%) and beta-caryophyllene (19.5%). Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the potency of the clove oil in the control of Callosobruchus maculatus. The repellency of the oil was evaluated using the area of preference method. Adult Callosobruchus maculatus were released separately at the centre of the Whatman No.1 filter infused with 1 mL of 100-400 ppm clove oil in covered petri dishes. Ethanol was used as control. The treatments were assigned in a completely randomized design. The number of insects present on the control and treated papers were recorded 1 and 2 h after exposure and percent repellency was calculated. In the second experiment, 20 g of the cowpea seeds were treated with 100-400 ppm clove oil, with ethanol as a negative control and pirimiphos-methyl as positive control. They were exposed to C. maculatus in a jar covered with mesh. Mortality was recorded 24, 48, 72 h after infestation. The highest repellency of 35% occurred after 2 h of exposure to 200 ppm clove oil. Thus, clove oil did not significantly repel C. maculatus. Nonetheless, exposure of C. maculatus to 300 ppm clove oil for 72 h after infestation inflicted high mortality of 64.6% comparable to that of the synthetic insecticide pirimiphos-methyl (75%). Thus, clove oil is a safe alternative for the control of C. maculatus.