Carbon budgets of copepod communities in the northern Humboldt Current System off Peru

Abundance, biomass and respiration rates of dominant medium- to larger-sized copepod species (ML class) from the upwelling system off Peru (8.5-16 degrees S) were determined along with their carbon ingestion and egestion rates. Small copepods (S class) were included for comparisons of community rates. Overall, abundance/biomass was highest in the upper 50 m and decreased with depth and thus also community ingestion and egestion. Ingestion of the ML class (0-50 m) in shelf regions (14-515 mg C m(-2) d(-1)) was lower in the south compared to the north and central study areas, while their offshore ingestion (11-502 mg C m(-2) d(-1)) was comparable across regions (8.5-16 degrees S). Ingestion rates (0-50 m) of the S class were in a range similar to those of the ML class in shelf regions (100-417 mg C m(-2) d(-1)) but were higher offshore (177-932 mg C m(-2) d(-1)). Calanus chilensis and the S class contributed most to total ingestion in the north, while in the south, Centropages brachiatus had the highest community ingestion aside from the S class. Egestion varied from 3-155 mg C m(-2) d(-1) for the ML class and 30-280 mg C m(-2) d(-1) for the S class. The high community rates highlight the crucial role of both size classes for carbon budgets in the northern Humboldt Current System off Peru and indicate that the ML class may enhance passive vertical carbon flux, whereas the S class may support carbon remineralization rates in surface waters.