Guiding the design of behavioral and lifestyle modification interventions for risk reduction, prevention, and treatment of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: An overview of relevant literature

Background: The increasing burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) calls for the development and dissemination of effective and viable interventions. In this respect, behavioral and lifestyle modification interventions (BLMIs) offer the most effective means of addressing the underlying lifestyle behaviors associated with NCDs at multiple disease prevention levels (primordial, primary, and secondary). This review aims to provide an overview of key features and components of BLMIs as well as some practical considerations when implementing them in LMIC settings.Methods: An exploratory approach was used to provide an overview of salient issues in the design of BLMIs; and the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, as well as gray literature, were searched. Based on the review's aim, the most important issues and themes were identified using a narrative thematic synthesis and analysis approach. Results: Thirty-three publications were included as the most relevant literature to the topic, and eight overarching themes were identified: understanding the target health behavior; using behavioral and psychological theories; applying behavior change techniques/strategies; providing effective support and follow-up; intervention delivery formats and providers; cultural sensitivity; feasibility consideration; and addressing multiple lifestyle behaviors. Conclusion: Targeting lifestyle and behavioral modification interventions with a proper understanding of their essential design components and practical contextual considerations is crucial for reducing the rising burden of NCDs in LMICs. Future direction on the importance of conducting original research and systematic reviews on the subject was also emphasized. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2023; 37(1) 000-000]