Chemical-free vacuum ultraviolet irradiation as ultrafiltration membrane pretreatment technique: Performance, mechanisms and DBPs formation

Membrane fouling induced by natural organic matter (NOM) has seriously affected the further extensive application of ultrafiltration (UF). Herein, a simple, green and robust vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) technology was adopted as pretreatment before UF and ultraviolet (UV) technology was used for comparison. The results showed that control effect of VUV pretreatment on membrane fouling was better than that of UV pretreatment, as evi-denced by the increase of normalized flux from 0.27 to 0.38 and 0.73 after 30 min UV or VUV pretreatment, respectively. This is related to the fact that VUV pretreatment exhibited stronger NOM degradation ability than UV pretreatment owing to the formation of HO center dot. The steady-state concentration of HO center dot was calculated as 3.04 x 10(-13) M and the cumulative exposure of HO center dot reached 5.52 x 10(-10) M s after 30 min of VUV irradiation. And the second-order rate constant between NOM and HO center dot was determined as 1.36 x 10(4) L mg(-1) s(-1). Furthermore, fluorescence EEM could be applied to predict membrane fouling induced by humic-enriched water. Standard blocking and cake filtration were major fouling mechanisms. Moreover, extension of UV pretreatment time increased the disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation, the DBPs concentration was enhanced from 322.36 to 1187.80 mu g/L after 210 min pretreatment. However, VUV pretreatment for 150 min reduced DBPs content to 282.57 mu g/L, and DBPs content continued to decrease with the extension of pretreatment time, revealing that VUV pretreatment achieved effective control of DBPs. The variation trend of cytotoxicity and health risk of DBPs was similar to that of DBPs concentration. In summary, VUV pretreatment exhibited excellent effect on mem-brane fouling alleviation, NOM degradation and DBPs control under a certain pretreatment time.