Advances in X-ray neuroimaging: Bridging scales from molecular to organ architectures

The intricate mesh of neural connections in the central nervous system (CNS) necessitates high-resolution observations to gain insights into cellular composition and molecular interactions. Nevertheless, nanoscale imaging within a specified region may fail to capture the overarching functionality and systemic state. Traditional microscopes are somewhat inadequate in satiating the need for multi-scale imaging. In light of this, X-ray-based imaging and analysis techniques have surfaced as a formidable contender in bridging this gap in neuroscience. However, a comprehensive review evaluating the progression of these applications is notably absent. This article aims to provide an extensive overview of recent advancements in X-ray-based techniques, emphasizing innovative modalities and their applications in neuroscience. These promising techniques harbor significant potential to demystify the complexities inherent in the CNS, augmenting our understanding of brain functionality and neurological disorders. Finally, we also contemplate the impending challenges and future trajectory of X-raybased neuroimaging technologies.