The Association between Caffeine Consumption from Coffee and Tea and Sleep Health in Male and Female Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Poor sleep health is common in older adults and is associated with negative health outcomes. However, the relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep health at an older age is poorly understood. This study investigated the association between caffeine consumption and sleep health in community-dwelling older males and females in The Netherlands. Cross-sectional analyses were performed using data from 1256 participants aged 61-101 years from the Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam. Self-reported questions assessed sleep disturbances (including sleep latency, continuity, and early awakening), sleep duration, and perceived sleep quality. Caffeine consumption was determined with questions about frequency, quantity, and type of coffee and tea consumption. Logistic and linear regression models were used, controlling for potential confounders, and interaction by sex and age was tested. Caffeine consumption showed significant interactions with sex (p < 0.005) in association with sleep health outcomes. Older females who abstained from caffeine consumption reported more sleep disturbances (beta = 0.64 [95%CI 0.13; 1.15]) and had greater odds of short sleep duration (<7 h/day) (OR = 2.26 [95% CI 1.22; 4.20]) compared to those who consumed caffeine. No associations were observed for long sleep duration (>8 h/day) and perceived sleep quality. No associations were observed in older males. Caffeine abstinence was associated with more sleep disturbances and short sleep duration in older females, but not in males. The observed association in older females may reflect reverse causation, suggesting that females may have different motivations for discontinuing caffeine consumption than males.