Identification of a novel monocyclic carotenoid and prediction of its biosynthetic genes in Algoriphagus sp. oki45

Bacteria belonging to the genus Algoriphagus have been isolated from various sources, such as Antarctic sea ice, seawater, and sediment, and some strains are known to produce orange to red pigments. However, the pigment composition and biosynthetic genes have not been fully elucidated. A new red-pigmented Algoriphagus sp. strain, oki45, was isolated from the surface of seaweed collected from Senaga-Jima Island, Okinawa, Japan. Genome comparison revealed oki45’s average nucleotide identity of less than 95% to its closely related species, Algoriphagus confluentis NBRC 111222 T and Algoriphagus taiwanensis JCM 19755 T . Comprehensive chemical analyses of oki45’s pigments, including 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy, revealed that the pigments were mixtures of monocyclic carotenoids, (3 S )-flexixanthin ((3 S )-3,1′-dihydroxy-3′,4′-didehydro-1′,2′-dihydro-β,ψ-caroten-4-one) and (2 R ,3 S )-2-hydroxyflexixanthin ((2 R ,3 S )-2,3,1′-trihydroxy-3′,4′-didehydro-1′,2′-dihydro-β,ψ-caroten-4-one); in particular, the latter compound was new and not previously reported. Both monocyclic carotenoids were also found in A. confluentis NBRC 111222 T and A. taiwanensis JCM 19755 T . Further genome comparisons of carotenoid biosynthetic genes revealed the presence of eight genes ( crtE , crtB , crtI , cruF , crtD , crtYcd , crtW , and crtZ ) for flexixanthin biosynthesis. In addition, a crtG homolog gene encoding 2,2ʹ-β-hydroxylase was found in the genome of the strains oki45, A. confluentis NBRC 111222 T , and A. taiwanensis JCM 19755 T , suggesting that the gene is involved in 2-hydroxyflexixanthin synthesis via 2-hydroxylation of flexixanthin. These findings expand our knowledge of monocyclic carotenoid biosynthesis in Algoriphagus bacteria. Key points • Algoriphagus sp. strain oki45 was isolated from seaweed collected in Okinawa, Japan. • A novel monocyclic carotenoid 2-hydroxyflexixanthin was identified from strain oki45. • Nine genes for 2-hydroxyflexixanthin biosynthesis were found in strain oki45 genome. Graphical Abstract