TINA: TMVP-Initiated Novel Accelerator for Lightweight Ring-LWE-Based PQC

Postquantum cryptography (PQC) has recently garnered significant attention across various communities. Alongside the ongoing standardization process for general-purpose PQC algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the research community is actively exploring the realm of lightweight PQC schemes. A ring-binary-learning-with-error (RBLWE)-based encryption scheme (RBLWE-ENC) is a promising lightweight PQC candidate suitable for Internet-of-Things (IoT) and edge computing applications. The parameters of the RBLWE-ENC, however, do not favor deploying typical fast algorithms, such as number-theoretic transform (NTT). In this article, therefore, we propose to design a Toeplitz matrix-vector product (TMVP)-initiated novel accelerator (TINA) for RBLWE-ENC. We innovatively used TMVP (a subquadratic-complexity fast algorithm for polynomial multiplication) to derive the significant arithmetic operation of RBLWE-ENC into a new form for high-performance operation. This novel formulation culminates in the development of a comprehensive accelerator known as TINA. Through implementation and comparative analysis, we demonstrate the efficiency gains achieved by our proposed accelerator. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first report on the TMVP strategy-initiated RBLWE-ENC accelerator. The findings of this work are expected to provide valuable references in the ongoing advancement of lightweight PQC development.