Clustering of risk behaviours and associations between risk behaviours and cardio-metabolic risk factors in adult individuals with type 1 diabetes

Aims: To assess clustering of risk behaviours and their health determinants. Methods: Cross-sectional health behaviour and health data were collected from individuals with type 1 diabetes, in the FinnDiane Study. Clustering of risk behaviours was assessed and associations between behaviours and health variables were investigated. Results: Data were available from 956 participants (40 % men, mean age 46 years). Altogether, 4.3 % individuals reported no risk behaviours, while 25.7 %, 37.4 %, 24.7 %, 6.8 %, and 1.0 % reported 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 risk behaviours, respectively. Reporting >= 4 risk behaviours occurred more frequently than expected by chance. Dietary non-adherence was most frequently reported (84.4 %), followed by low LTPA (54.4 %), poor sleep (41.9 %), high alcohol consumption (15.2 %), and smoking (11.2 %). Adjusted for confounders, relative to <= 1 risk behaviour, reporting >= 2 risk behaviours was associated with higher BMI, waist circumference, and diastolic blood pressure. Having >= 3 risk behaviours was associated with larger waist-hip ratio, and higher HbA1c and triglyceride concentration; >= 4 risk behaviours was associated with higher cholesterol concentration. Of the health behaviours, low LTPA had the highest number of deleterious health associations. Conclusions: Accumulation of risk behaviors increases negative health outcomes. Exhibiting >= 2 risk behaviours or low LTPA was associated with multiple adverse outcomes.