Velocity Estimation Using Time-Differenced Carrier Phase and Doppler Shift with Different Grades of Devices: from Smartphones to Professional Receivers

Velocity estimation has a key role in several applications; for instance, velocity estimation in navigation or in mobile mapping systems and GNSSs is currently a common way to achieve reliable and accurate velocity. Two approaches are mainly used to obtain velocity based on GNSS measurements, i.e., Doppler observations and carrier phases differenced in time (that is, TDCP). In a benign environment, Doppler-based velocity can be estimated accurately to within a few cm/s, while TDCP-based velocity can be estimated accurately to within a few mm/s. On the other hand, the TDCP technique is more prone to availability shortage and the presence of blunders. In this work, the two mentioned approaches are tested, using three devices of different grades: a high-grade geodetic receiver, a high-sensitivity receiver, and a GNSS chip mounted on a smartphone. The measurements of geodetic receivers are inherently cleaner, providing an accurate solution, while the remaining two receivers provide worse results. The case of smartphone GNSS chips can be particularly critical owing to the equipped antenna, which makes the measurements noisy and largely affected by blunders. The GNSSs are considered separately in order to assess the performance of the single systems. The analysis carried out in this research confirms the previous considerations about receiver grades and processing techniques. Additionally, the obtained results highlight the necessity of adopting a diagnostic approach to the measurements, such as RAIM-FDE, especially for low-grade receivers.