HIV and gp120-induced lipid droplets loss in hepatic stellate cells contribute to profibrotic profile

Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, primarily collagen, in response to liver injury caused by chronic liver diseases. HIV infection accelerates the progression of liver fibrosis in patients co-infected with HCV or HBV compared to those who are only mono-infected. The early event in the progression of liver fibrosis involves the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which entails the loss of lipid droplets (LD) to fuel the production of extracellular matrix components crucial for liver tissue healing. Thus, we are examining the mechanism by which HIV stimulates the progression of liver fibrosis. HIV -R5 tropic infection was unable to induce the expression of TGF-beta, collagen deposition, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and cellular proliferation. However, this infection induced the secretion of the profibrogenic cytokine IL -6 and the loss of LD. This process involved the participation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha and an increase in lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), along with the involvement of Microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), strongly suggesting that LD loss could occur through acid lipolysis. These phenomena were mimicked by the gp120 protein from the R5 tropic strain of HIV. Preincubation of HSCs with the CCR5 receptor antagonist, TAK779, blocked gp120 activity. Additionally, experiments performed with pseudotyped-HIV revealed that HIV replication could also contribute to LD loss. These results demonstrate that the cross -talk between HSCs and HIV involves a series of interactions that help explain some of the mechanisms involved in the exacerbation of liver damage observed in co-infected individuals.