The origin of lopsided satellite galaxy distribution around isolated systems in MillenniumTNG

Dwarf satellites in galaxy groups are distributed in an anisotropic and asymmetric manner, which is called the “lopsided satellite distribution”. This lopsided signal has been observed not only in galaxy pairs but also in isolated systems. However, the physical origin of the lopsided signal in isolated systems is still unknown. In this work, we investigate this in the state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulation of the MillenniumTNG Project by tracing each system back to high redshift. We find that the lopsided signal is dominated by satellites located in the outer regions of the halo and is also dominated by recently accreted satellites. The lopsided signal originates from the anisotropic accretion of galaxies from the surrounding large-scale structure and that, after accretion, the nonlinear evolution of satellites inside the dark-matter halo weakens the lopsidedness. The signal decreases as cosmic time passes because of a competition between anisotropic accretion and internal evolution within dark matter halos. Our findings provide a useful perspective for the study of galaxy evolution, especially for the origin of the spatial satellite galaxy distributions.