Electricity-hydrogen nexus integrated with multi-level hydrogen storage, solar PV site, and electric-fuelcell car charging stations

The hydrogen pressure typically increases to approximately 700-bar for storage in high-pressure tanks. Some industry applications use such a high-pressure hydrogen but some others need lower-pressure hydrogen where the pressure is reduced through pressure reduction valves. Some energy is lost during pressure reduction which would be significant in large-scale systems. A multi-level hydrogen storage can address this issue, where the hydrogen is stored at various pressures. This paper addresses an electricity-hydrogen nexus system integrated with multi-level hydrogen storage and solar PV sites. The designed system supplies electric and fuelcell vehicles at 3 different charging points including an electric vehicle charging station, fuelcell car refueling station, and fuelcell truck refueling station. The hydrogen is stored at 30, 350, and 700-bar pressure levels and each level feeds various users. The water electrolysis is employed to generate hydrogen at 30-bar pressure and 2 compressors increase the pressure to 350 and 700-bar. The cost function, defined as the daily energy cost, is optimized at $1045.65 per day. The water electrolyzer produces the most hydrogen during nighttime when electricity is inexpensive. Under normal operating conditions, the fuel cell is not utilized due to its low efficiency of about 60%. However, it serves as a backup resource in the event of a system outage, such as when the external grid fails, in hours 22 to 24. During this time, the fuel cell is activated and produces 154 kWh.