Phoshporic acid actived biochar for efficient removal of paclobutrazol and alleviating its phytotoxicity to mung bean

Using biochar to absorb organic pollutants in water and soil is a simple and efficient method. However, most biochar is typically prepared at high temperatures (>500 degree celsius), resulting in low yield and high production costs and hence limiting its practical applications. This study aimed to prepare biochar (P-BC) through low-temperature (280 degree celsius) phosphoric acid assisted pyrolysis of cotton stalks. P-BC possessed a large specific surface area (389.96 m(2)g(-1)) and contained abundant oxygen functional groups as well as phosphorous and nitrogen nutrient elements. This study applied P-BC to remove paclobutrazol (PBZ) from water and remediate PBZ-polluted soil. The water adsorption capacity of P-BC was 192.89 mgg(-1). The adsorption mechanisms of P-BC included pore filling, hydrogen bonding, weak electrostatic effects, and pi-pi interactions. Adding 1 % P-BC to soil contaminated with 10 mgkg(-1) PBZ could alleviate PBZ induced phytotoxicity in mung bean seedlings, ensuring the normal growth of roots and plants.