Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Endometrial Precancers. Molecular Characteristics, Candidate Immunohistochemical Markers, and Promising Results of Three-Marker Panel: Current Status and Future Directions

Simple Summary Endometrial carcinoma is a common type of cancer in women, ranking as the most frequent gynecological cancer and the fourth most common overall. Its occurrence has been rising steadily, becoming a serious health concern. Detecting its immediate precursors, known as precancers, is crucial for saving lives. In recent years, research into the genetic makeup of endometrial carcinoma and its precancers has progressed, especially focusing on the most common subtype called endometrioid. New biomarkers have been discovered that could help in identifying precancers, potentially improving diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes these recent discoveries and their significance in diagnosing precancers of endometrial carcinoma.Abstract Endometrial carcinoma stands as the most prevalent gynecological cancer and the fourth most common cancer affecting women. The incidence of endometrial cancer has been steadily increasing over the past decade, posing a significant threat to public health. The early detection of its precancers remains a critical and evolving concern to reduce mortality associated with endometrial carcinoma. In the last decade, our understanding of endometrial carcinoma and its precancers has advanced through systematic investigations into the molecular genetics of endometrial carcinoma and its precancers. In this review, we focus on advances in precancers associated with the endometrioid subtype, by far the most common histologic variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Recent investigations have led to the identification of new biomarkers, and the proposed incorporation of these biomarkers or biomarker panels into the diagnostic framework of endometrial carcinoma precancers. Here, we review these recent advances and their relevance to the histopathologic diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma precancers.