SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions | Pre-emptive Therapy at Molecular Measurable Residual Disease Failure in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

Molecular measurable residual disease (MRD, e.g., by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR), is an integral part of response assessment in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with established prognostic and evolving therapeutic significance. MRD failure can occur through several pathways (namely MRD persistence at the end of treatment at a high level, MRD progression from a low level or MRD re-emergence during follow up; the latter two constitute MRD relapse as defined by the European Leukaemia Net) and is clinically actionable, with survival benefit reported in AML subgroups. Selection of pre-emptive therapy at MRD failure relies upon an integrated clinico-molecular assessment and is subset-specific. In acute promyelocytic leukaemia, arsenic trioxide-based regimen for MRD failure following frontline treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid plus chemotherapy represents standard of care, while hypomethylating agents (e.g., azacitidine), salvage chemotherapy (e.g., FLAG-IDA) and venetoclax-based regimens are effective in NPM1-mutated AML. Specific inhibitors of FLT3 have emerging use in FLT3-mutated AML and are associated with minimal toxicity. Furthermore, immunotherapeutic approaches such as donor lymphocyte infusions and interferon-⍺ are efficacious options in the post-allogeneic-HSCT settings. Enrollment into clinical trials with genomic-guided assignment of pre-emptive therapy at MRD failure should be prioritized. Finally, with the emergence of novel agents (e.g., menin inhibitors) and approaches (e.g., adoptive cellular and immunological therapy), an exciting future lies ahead where a broad array of highly active therapeutic options will likely be clinically applicable to a wide range of AML subsets.