Museomics of Carabus giant ground beetles evidences an Oligocene origin and in situ Alpine diversification

The development of museomics represents a major paradigm shift in the use of natural history collection specimens for systematics and evolutionary biology. New approaches in this field allow the sequencing of hundreds to thousands of loci from across the genome using historical DNA. HyRAD-X, a recently introduced capture method using bench-top designed probes, has proved very efficient to recover genomic-scale datasets using natural history collection specimens. Using this technique, we infer at both the intra- and interspecific levels, the most robust phylogeny of Arcifera to date, an ecologically and morphologically diverse clade of Carabus giant ground beetles. We successfully generated a genomic dataset of up to 1965 HyRAD-X loci for all described species, permitting to infer a robust dated phylogenomic tree of this clade. Our species delimitation and population genomic analyses suggest that the current classification in Arcifera is in line with its evolutionary history. Our results suggest an origin of Arcifera in the late Oligocene followed by speciation events during the warm mid-Miocene unlinked to Pleistocene glaciations. The dynamic paleogeographic history of the Palearctic region likely contributed to the diversification of this lineage with a relatively ancient colonization of the proto-Alps followed by in situ speciation where most species of Arcifera are currently found sometimes syntopically likely as a result of post-glaciations secondary contacts. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.