Enhancement Seismic Response of a Bored Tunnel Using Isolation for the Challenge of a Faulted Rock Crossing

The tunnel boring method (TBM) is a widely used and effective tunneling technology in various rock mass quality circumstances. A “faulted rock mass” can range from a highly fractured rock mass to a sheared weak rock mass, making the ground conditions challenging for tunneling, especially for TBMs. “Faulted rock” significantly affects hard rock TBMs, primarily due to the TBM’s high geological risk and poor flexibility. TBMs require careful planning and preparation, starting with preliminary assessments. This study investigates the impact of establishing an isolation material between a circular tunnel and the adjacent faulting rock on seismic response. The two parts of the parametric analysis for the isolation material utilized in the model look at how changes in the mechanical characteristics of the material, such as the shear modulus of the rock and the fault, affect the stresses created in the tunnel. The second section examines how changes in the isolation width concerning the fault width affect the stresses and displacements produced in the tunnel. Additionally, the effectiveness of isolating the tunnel during sudden changes in the characteristics of the rock was investigated under seismic loading perpendicular to the tunnel and parallel to the tunnel. The finite element approach was utilized to model the TBM tunnel and the neighboring rock with a fault or sudden change in the rock using Midas/GTS-NX, simulating the interactions between the rock and the tunnel. Time-history analysis using the El Centro earthquake was conducted to calculate the stresses in the tunnels during seismic events. Peak ground accelerations between 0.10 g and 0.30 g were utilized for excitation. A time step of 0.02 s and a length of 10 s for the seismic event were used in the analysis, with traditional grout pea gravel vs. the isolation layer. Comparisons were made between the absolute stresses (the greatest possible values) in the normal tunnel section (Sxx) and those induced in the tunnel with traditional grout and with isolation. Furthermore, the study of vertical displacement was taken into consideration. The seismic isolation method is highly effective in improving the seismic safety of bored tunnels. The results show that the significant values of the ratio between the shear modulus of isolation and the surrounding soil should be between 0.2% and 0.4%. Where parts of the tunnel run through a fault, the effective length of isolation should be between one and two times the fault width. The dynamic behavior of the tunnel with isolation is better than that with traditional grout. Generally, when isolation is used for any length, it reduces the stresses at the area of sudden change. Consequently, engineering assessments from both structural and geotechnical engineering viewpoints are now required for these unique constructions. An underground structure’s safety should be evaluated by the designer to ensure that it can sustain various applied loads, taking into account seismic loads in addition to construction and permanent static loads. Tunnels may be especially vulnerable in areas where the composition of the soil or rock varies.