Potential of Torrefied Coffee Grounds to Be Used as Fuel in Thermal Power Plants

To replace coal used in thermal power plants, this study was conducted to investigate the potential of torrefied coffee spent waste (CSW) as a fuel source. Approximately 102 ± 2 g of CSW pellets was torrefied using electric furnaces and stainless-steel containers. The torrefaction of CSW pellets (SCG) was performed at 230 to 310 °C in 20 °C temperature increments for 1 h. To avoid oxygen reactions, a 30-min chilling period was allowed before the subsequent elemental and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Furthermore, decarbonization, dehydrogenation, and deoxygenation were evaluated and combustibility was observed using the combustibility index (CI) and volatile ignitability (VI). Results revealed a calorific value of 22.22–29.39 MJ/kg and mass yield rates ranging between 47.16 and 89.81