O- and H-isotope record of Cape Town rainfall from 1996 to 2022: the effect of increasing temperature, and the 'water crisis' of 2015 to 2018

The O- and H-isotope composition of rainfall collected monthly at the University of Cape Town (UCT) between 2009 and 2022 has been added to a previously published data set from 1996 to 2008 to make a continuous 27 year record. Monthly rainfall over the 27 year period has a range in.D and.18O values from -57 to +21% and -8.1 to +3.5%, respectively, and shows limited but discernible temperature and amount effects. The 27 year rainfall record defines a Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) whose equation is.D = 5.96*.18O + 7.00 (r = 0.88), a slight change from the LMWL of 1996 to 2009 (6.41*.18O + 8.89). Annual rainfall at UCT has varied from 992 mm (2017) to 1996 mm (2013), with no systematic change in annual rainfall amount (r = -0.16). However, from 2015 to 2022, the average annual rainfall of 1 145 mm has been below the 27 year average of 1 313 mm. Mean monthly temperature has increased from 1996 to 2022 (r = 0.53), and the weighted mean annual.D and.18O values have increased by 4% (r = 0.53) and 0.5% (r = 0.64), respectively, over the 27 years. The UCT data and the data for 1961 to 1974 from Cape Town International Airport plot around the same LMWL, with an average deuterium excess (d-excess) of 13.78 and 12.95, respectively. Natural springs in the area plot close to the LMWL with an average d-excess of 14.15, whereas local well-point and borehole water samples generally plot below the LMWL with an average d-excess of 10.65. These differences can be explained by relatively rapid recharge of springs and slower recharge of groundwater, with the latter containing an additional component, that could either be rainwater that fell during a period of hotter drier climate or, more probably, municipal mains water. Long-term monitoring of groundwater and spring water as well as rainwater would be of great help in assessing the sustainability of groundwater use, among other important questions.