Recent advances in 2D materials for improved performance and antifouling characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes

The use of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes is a crucial process in water treatment, often replacing traditional units like activated carbon filters in specific raw water scenarios. However, the challenge of fouling of UF membranes remains a significant obstacle, impeding market growth. Recent research indicates that integrating two-dimensional (2D) materials can enhance UF membrane performance, in terms of antifouling properties, permeate flux, and contaminants rejection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in utilizing 2D materials to address fouling in UF membranes, with a particular emphasis on the past two years. The key materials under reviewing include MXene, graphene, graphitic carbon-nitride, boron-nitride, and other less investigated 2D materials. A closer look at the literature reveals that graphene and its derivatives are at the forefront among 2D materials, with MXene showing growing competitiveness. The review critically assesses and summarizes the collected literature, highlighting gaps in understanding each material's dynamics. Existing studies suggest that most 2D materials lead to improved performance of UF membranes when combined with additional elements, rather than used in isolation. The review identifies research challenges and provides future recommendations, emphasizing the importance of studying leaching dynamics, exploring real water treatment applications, addressing scalability challenges, and conducting life-cycle assessments.