Investigations of Limeum indicum Plant for Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease Dual Therapy: Phytochemical, GC‐MS Chemical Profiling, Enzyme Inhibition, Molecular Docking and In‐vivo Studies

Limeum indicum has been widely utilized in traditional medicine but no experimental work has been done on this herb. The primary objective of this study was to conduct a phytochemical analysis and assess the multifunctional capabilities of aforementioned plant in dual therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The phytochemical screening of ethanol, methanol extract, and their derived fractions of Limeum indicum was conducted using GC‐MS, HPLC, UV‐analysis and FTIR. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH method. The inhibitory potential of the extracts/fractions against α–, β–glucosidase acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and monoaminine oxidases (MAO‐A & B) was evaluated. Results revealed that acetonitrile fraction has highest inhibitory potential against α–glucosidase (IC50=68.47±0.05µg/mL), methanol extract against β–glucosidase (IC50=91.12±0.07µg/mL), ethyl acetate fraction against AChE (IC50=59.0±0.02 µg/mL), ethanol extract against BChE (28.41±0.01µg/mL), n‐hexane fraction against MAO‐A (IC50=150.5±0.31µg/mL) and methanol extract for MAO‐B (IC50=75.95±0.13µg/mL). The docking analysis of extracts\fractions suggested the best binding scores within the active pocket of the respective enzymes. During the in‐vivo investigation, ethanol extract produced hypoglycemic effect (134.52±2.79 and 119.38±1.40 mg/dl) after 21 days treatment at dose level of 250 and 500 mg/Kg. Histopathological findings further supported the in‐vivo studies.