Carbon composites in the mitigation of micro and nanoplastics

Abstract The pervasive issue of micro and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment has escalated into a global concern, necessitating the exploration of innovative and efficient removal strategies. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the application of carbon composites in mitigating MNPs, drawing upon a wide array of studies and technological advancements in the field. Carbon composites, known for their high surface area, porosity, and functional ability, offer a promising avenue for the adsorption, degradation, and removal of MNPs from various environmental matrices. We delve into the mechanisms underlying the interaction between carbon composites and MNPs, including physical adsorption, chemical binding, and photocatalytic degradation, highlighting the factors that influence these interactions, such as composite structure, surface chemistry, and environmental conditions. The review further categorizes carbon composites, such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and biochar-based composites, examining their efficacy, limitations, and potential environmental impacts. A critical analysis of recent field and laboratory studies provides insights into these composites’ practical applications and performance in real-world scenarios. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and future directions for developing carbon composites, including scalability, regeneration, and the sustainable production of these materials. Carbon composites hold significant potential for efficient mitigation of MNPs, offering a viable solution to one of our time’s most pressing environmental challenges. However, further research is needed to optimize these materials for widespread application, enhancing their selectivity, capacity, and durability while minimizing unintended environmental consequences. This review aims to catalyze further investigation and innovation in the field, paving the way for developing more effective and sustainable technologies for mitigating micro and nanoplastics.