Effects and mechanisms of proanthocyanidins-derived carbon dots on alleviating salt stress in rice by muti-omics analysis

Carbon dots (CDs) with different structures were prepared by electrolysis (PE-CDs) and hydrothermal (PH-CDs) methods using proanthocyanidins as precursors. The smaller size and lower zeta potential enabled the PE-CDs treated rice seedlings to exhibit greater resistance to salt stress. The fresh weight of rice seedlings under salt stress was significantly increased by spraying CDs every other day for two weeks. PE-CDs treated group exhibited a faster electron transport rate, and the SOD activity and flavonoid content were 2.5-fold and 0.23-fold higher than those of the salt stress-treated group. Furthermore, the metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis revealed that the PsaC gene of photosystem I was significantly up-regulated under PE-CDs treatment, which accelerated electron transfer in photosystem I. The up-regulation of BX1 and IGL genes encoding indole synthesis allowed rice to enhance stress tolerance through tryptophan and benzoxazine biosynthesis pathways. These findings offer help in purposefully synthesizing CDs and boosting food production.