Controlled Fabrication of Composite Transparent Electrodes for Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with above 84% Fill Factor

In the quest to develop efficient semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs), the primary challenge lies in transparent electrode fabrication. n-i-p-type ST-PSCs often suffer from low fill factors (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE), attributed to the undesirable buffer layer/transparent conductive oxide combination of the transparent electrode. In this context, this study proposes an efficient composite transparent electrode (CTE) system comprising an ultrathin MoO3 buffer layer (5 nm) and low-power sputtered indium zinc oxide (45 W-220 nm). The electrode demonstrates excellent compatibility with Spiro-OMeTAD-based devices, effectively addressing the low FF and PCE challenges of ST-PSCs. Employing the new CTE, the best-performing ST-PSCs with the absorption edge at 1.57 eV achieve a remarkable PCE of 21.96% with an FF of up to 83.80%. More transparent ST-PSCs with thickness-modulated absorbers and average transmittance of 50.77% at 600-1200 nm wavelength result in a PCE of up to 20.91% with the highest known FF of 84.02%. This study presents a general and viable approach for fabricating efficient ST-PSCs.