Parent–child Relationship Typologies and Associated Health Status among Older Adults in the United States and China: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

Abstract Background and Objectives Cultural differences in intergenerational relationships have been well established in prior research. However, cross-national comparison evidence on the parent–child relationship and its health implications remains limited. Research Design and Methods Data from the 2014 U.S. Health and Retirement Study and the 2015 Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in China were used (Nus, non-Hispanic Whites only = 3,918; NChina = 4,058). Relationship indicators included co-residence, living nearby, having weekly contact, receiving assistance with daily activities, providing grandchild care, and financial transfer to/from children. Latent class and regression analyses were conducted. Results Four classes were identified for non-Hispanic White older Americans: (1) distant and uninvolved (6.58%), (2) geographically proximate with frequent contact and downward support (47.04%), (3) co-resident with frequent contact and upward support (13.1%), and (4) geographically proximate with frequent contact (33.28%). Three classes were identified among older Chinese: (1) co-resident with frequent contact and upward support (37.46%), (2) co-resident/interdependent (25.65%), and (3) geographically proximate with frequent contact and upward financial support (36.89%). For non-Hispanic White older Americans, providing downward support was associated with fewer functional limitations and better cognition. Receiving instrumental support from children was associated with more depressive symptoms, more functional limitations, and poorer cognition among older Chinese. Discussion and Implications Cultural contrasts were evident in parent–child relationship typologies and their health implications. Compared to the U.S. non-Hispanic Whites, parent–child relationships in China tended to be more tight-knit and associated with poorer health status. The findings call for culturally relevant strategies to improve parent–child relationships and ultimately promote the health of older adults.