Adigrat University

Ethiopia is highly vulnerable to climate variability and extremes, yet fragmented evidence limits comprehensive understanding of long-term trends and impacts. Given the country’s heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture and its high exposure to climate-sensitive sectors, a comprehensive synthesis of climate variability and its associated impacts is critically important to inform evidence-based adaptation strategies, policy decisions, and sustainable development planning. This study systematically reviewed peer-reviewed articles, reports, and datasets published between 2004 and 2025 following PRISMA guidelines. Trends in temperature, precipitation, climate extremes, and socio-environmental impacts were synthesized across agro-ecological zones. Results indicate a statistically significant warming trend ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 °C per decade, increasing frequency of droughts and extreme rainfall events, and pronounced impacts on agriculture, water resources, health, and ecosystems. Regional disparities were evident, with northern and eastern Ethiopia exhibiting higher vulnerability. The findings highlight accelerating climate risks and underscore the need for region-specific adaptation strategies, improved climate services, and integration of climate science into national development planning.

War and conflict result in destructive and persistent setbacks to the development of human societies. Despite ample quantitative reports, the lived experiences of communities affected by war have not been explored in depth. Therefore, this study aims to explore the lived experiences of health and nutrition among war-affected communities. Host community members and internally displaced people (IDPs) were selected and 24 Focus Group Discussions and three Key Informant Interviews conducted. Audio recorded data was transcribed, translated and imported to Atlas-ti version 20 software for analysis. Coding and in-depth reading helped to identify further conceptualization. Thematic analysis was conducted based on descriptive phenomenology. Five themes emerged, including: “memorizing cherished events of the prewar period,” “the shattered livelihoods of the community,” “nonstop interruption of food aid intensifies severe malnutrition,” “reverting the wheel of the three delays,” and “the nexus of poor hygiene and sanitation, health care disruption, and hunger worsens disease outbreaks.” Delays in women’s decisions to seek health care for labor due to fear of atrocities emerged under the theme “reverting the wheel of the three delays.” The health and nutrition of the IDPs and host communities in Tigray were totally crumbled. Local economic and social services and infrastructure were devastated, disorganized, and uncoordinated, failing to fulfill the demands and expectations of the people of Tigray during the war and postwar period. Thus, there is an urgent call to rebuild the shattered livelihoods of the IDPs and host communities.

Nowadays, there is an increase in the demand for plant-extract-mediated nanoparticles, mainly due to low toxicity and biocompatibility, which owing to their enhanced bioavailability, exhibit significant antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, and antiviral activities. However, green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (SM-Au NPs) offers a sustainable targeted and effective way for drug delivery. This study first report to our knowledge demonstrated that gold nanoparticles (SM-Au NPs) synthesized from aqueous leaf extract of Solanum marginatum (SM), evaluated their in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity and their underlying mechanism in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 cells. The peak at UV-Vis 540 nm confirmed formation of SM-Au NPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) of SM-Au NPs revealed a hydrodynamic size of 1253.3 nm and zeta potential of − 21.1 mV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that SM-Au NPs were crystalline and pure with an average crystal size of 22.3 nm. The cytotoxicity results confirmed that SM-Au NPs were found to be did not show cytotoxic effect within the concentration of 6.25–12.5 µg/mL against RAW 264.7 macrophages. SM-Au NPs inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner showing 45.31

This study aims to assess the geological challenges associated with potash solution mining in the active rift of the Dallol Depression and to propose an optimised borehole design for Circum Minerals Limited. An integrated approach combining satellite image interpretation, field observations, borehole data, and seismic images was utilised to produce detailed geological and structural maps and to characterise subsurface evaporite sequences. The seismic images and borehole logs acquired by the company were interpreted to demarcate subsurface features, whereas three-dimensional models derived from multiple well logs and fence diagrams enhanced stratigraphic interpretation. The nearest neighbour polygon method was used to estimate the total potash deposits of the concession area. The high-resolution seismic data were interpreted in conjunction with the subsurface geological map generated from borehole data using Rockworks 15 software. The borehole data indicated that the stratigraphic sequences of the evaporite deposits (salt deposits and muddy salt) consist of clastic materials, upper halite, marker beds, sylvinitite member, upper carnallitite member, bischofitite member, lower carnallitite, kainitite member, lower halite unit, and a basal clastic unit. The evaporite sequence in general, and the upper halite and bischofitite members in particular, show two distinct thickening trends: towards the rift-axis and towards the rift center. The total potash resource is estimated at approximately 18.81 billion tons, of which 3.57 billion tons remain unexploited due to the effects of fault confinements. The existing borehole designs limit the company's total extraction capacity. To improve recovery both from intact and fault-bounded potash deposits, this study recommends the addition of 16 systematically located boreholes, considering the deposit geometry and resource distributions, to enhance potash recovery and promote sustainable mining practises.

In vitro propagation using shoot apical meristem culture provides a reliable method for producing uniform, disease-free sugarcane planting material. This study aimed to optimize hormone regimes for two French genotypes, FG03-418 and FG04-754, and highlighted their genotype-specific responses that improved shoot initiation, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization efficiency. This study optimized in vitro propagation of two French sugarcane genotypes (FG03-418 and FG04-754) using shoot apical meristems under a randomized design, revealing genotype-specific responses to plant growth regulators. FG03-418 showed optimal initiation on MS medium with 0.75 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), while FG04-754 responded best at 1.25 mg/L BAP. During multiplication, FG03-418 produced the highest shoot number (11.56 ± 0.68) at 1.5 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and achieved maximum shoot length and leaf number (5.47 ± 0.31) at 2.0 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L NAA, whereas FG04-754 exhibited optimal shoot growth at 2.0 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L NAA. Root induction was most effective on half-strength MS medium supplemented with NAA, at 5.0 mg/L for FG03-418 and 4.0 mg/L for FG04-754, producing mean root lengths of 7.05 ± 0.13 cm and 5.27 ± 0.14 cm, respectively. Acclimatization in a greenhouse substrate of sand, soil, and compost (1:2:1) resulted in survival rates above 95