Aleksandras Stulginskis University

Biodegalų sektoriaus plėtrą palaikančioje politikoje įvardinama įvairi aplinkosauginė, socia-linė bei ekonominė nauda. Norint tai įgyvendinti, šalyje reikalinga sava biodegalų pramonė, kurios santykis su vartojimu šalies viduje gali būti labai įvairus. Dėl to iškyla keblumų palyginant situaciją skirtingose šalyse. Tyrimo tikslas – apibrėžus biodegalų gamybos ir vartojimo modelius, identifi-kuoti jų raišką Baltijos šalyse, susiejant juos su galimybėmis įgyvendinti teigiamą biodegalų gamy-bos ir vartojimo efektą. Pritaikius bendruosius mokslinius apibendrinimo ir sintezės metodus, straipsnyje išskiriami keturi teoriniai biodegalų gamybos ir vartojimo modeliai. Pasitelkus vidurkių skaičiavimo, palyginimo ir grafinį duomenų vaizdavimo metodus, atskleistos pagrindinės biodegalų gamybos integralumo charakteristikos Baltijos šalyse bei susiklosčiusių gamybos modelių palan-kumas realizuoti skirtingą biodegalų gamybos ir vartojimo naudą. Nustatyta, kad Estijoje taikant 2010–2015 m. vyravusį biodegalų gamybos ir vartojimo modelį, įgyvendinta tik nedidelė dalis e-nergetinės nepriklausomybės ir vietos ekonomikos vystymo interesų, o Lietuvos ir Latvijos mode-liai tam yra daug palankesni.

АннотацияВ работе приведены результаты исследования влияния биологических смазочных сред на трибологические свойства пары трения «сталь -титановый сплав».Трибологические испытания проводились при вдавливании (царапании) на пути трения 2 мм с увеличением нагрузки от 0,030 до 10 Н на приборе MicroIndentation Tester CSM.Исследования проводили при различных условиях: сухое трение, с гиалуроновой кислотой и с биологическим маслом.Установлено, что смазочные среды биологического происхождения создают граничные смазочные слои на поверхностях трения и способны уменьшать изнашивание вследствие микрорезания.Реализована разработка и экспериментальная проверка математической модели

Tourism is a sophisticated activity of any national economy. The originality of regional tourism impacts the application of special mix of means concerning insufficient professional knowledge and competences of enterpreneurs in the frame of providence of high quality services, hence, the regional tourism development interferens with specific problems. By current driven factors in regional tourism, such as high entrepreneurship, investments, variety of serviness, warrant a new era of local economy and serve for the strategic tourism development as tools and specific scenario. Sustainable tourism sector accesses new stock of acitivities concerning competitiveness amplification and popularization or implication of new resources. The current task of research is to identify the impacts of sustainable tourism development in the frame of amplification of new tourism resources concerning business range and sustainability of regional development.

The commonly observed negative relationship between stomatal density (SD) and atmospheric CO2 has led to SD being proposed as an indicator of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The use of SD as a proxy for CO2 , however, has been hampered by an insufficient understanding of the intraspecific variation of this trait. We hypothesized that SD in Pinus sylvestris, a widely distributed conifer, varies geographically and that this variation is determined by major climatic variables. By sampling needles from naturally growing trees along a latitudinal range of 32.25°, equivalent to 13.7°C gradient of mean annual temperature (MAT) across Europe, we found that SD decreased from the warmest southern sites to the coldest sites in the north at a rate of 4 stomata per mm2 for each 1°C, with MAT explaining 44% of the variation. Additionally, samples from a provenance trial exhibited a positive relationship between SD and the MAT of the original localities, suggesting that high SD is an adaptation to warm temperature. Our study revealed one of the strongest intraspecific relationships between SD and climate in any woody species, supporting the utility of SD as a temperature, rather than direct CO2 , proxy. In addition, our results predict the response of SD to climate warming.

The European Union data surveys give evidence of the growing trend of population ageing in the Member States.The aim of the study was to analyse the social structure of population in Latvia, Lithuania and Poland in comparison with the average population in the EU-27 and present recommendations for policy makers for further improvement of the social policy development in these countries.The authors used monographic method to study theoretical aspects of society aging and welfare and statistical data analysis of secondary data aggregated by Eurostat reports, Eurobarometer survey and databases of national institutions.The analysis of the society aging indicators in Latvia, Lithuania and Poland clearly shows that the policy makers of these countries so far have been mainly focusing on unpopular measures -either increasing taxes or raising the retirement age, which have caused citizens' dissatisfaction with the existing social policy that does not provide any hopes for the existing and becoming pensioners to approximate to successful aging.The authors consider that the national institutions responsible for society's welfare issues should further encourage socially innovative solutions by finding unusual ideas for obtaining multidimensional support, including the assistance provided by policy-makers and involving local agents to enhance inclusion of the aged population in the labour market, especially in creating jobs for themselves, being able to retain employment as temporary workers or being encouraged to work in other professions.