The metrological support for physicochemical measurements of the compositions of materials containing rare and rare-earth metals is considered. Special attention is paid to the role of standard samples of the composition of substances and materials in ensuring the uniformity of measurements in spectral studies. A methodology for the development of reference materials using State primary standard for units of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods GET 196-2023 equipment is described. As a result of the work, 16 standard samples of the composition of rare and rare-earth metals of the approved type have been developed, and their metrological characteristics are given. The high accuracy of measurements of the characteristics of reference materials provided by the use of GET 196-2023 is shown. Metrological support for analytical control of rare and rare-earth metals is of great practical importance for the development of industry, scientific research, and product quality assurance. Therefore, the results of this work are relevant for ensuring the traceability of physical and chemical measurements in various fields of science and technology, including metallurgy and chemical industries, medicine, environmental monitoring, electronics and information technology, the energy sector, the defense industry, the aerospace industry, and others.
We consider an important practical problem of identification of the laser-beam field in the planes of location of the emitter (emitter plane) and measuring instrument (measurement plane). The solution of this problem allows us to get additional information about the parameters of the laser beam required for manufacturing and certification of laser sources. As the only existing standardized numerical characteristic, we can mention the measure M2 (GOST R ISO 11146-1-2008 “Lasers and laser installations (systems). Methods for measuring widths, divergence angles, and propagation coefficients of laser beams”), which determines the quality of a laser beam and enables to estimate the degree of similarity of the measured spatial distribution of the beam intensity solely with the spatial distribution of the Gaussian intensity in the measurement plane. We have developed an alternative measure of similarity of the measured spatial distribution of the laser-beam amplitude with a uniform distribution of amplitude in the emitter plane or a spatial distribution of the intensity of laser beam with an arbitrarily given distribution in the measurement plane. It is shown that the alternative measure of similarity located in the emitter plane coincides with the aberration factor specifying the source with the greatest axial luminous intensity. The proposed measure is universal and has broader applications than the measure M2 because it is associated with the characteristic of homogeneity of the field distribution, the generalized area, and the generalized diameter of the laser beam, which is an alternative to the beam diameter determined according to GOST R ISO 11146-1-2008.
The problems of metrological assurance for measuring the refractive index of solid optical materials (silicon, germanium, etc.) used in the infrared range of the spectrum (infrared materials) are considered. The refractive index of optical materials in the infrared wavelength range must be known with high accuracy when developing optics for thermal imagers, night vision devices, etc. Currently, the tasks of developing domestic instruments for measuring the refractive index in the infrared region of the spectrum and analyzing measurement errors are relevant. The scheme of the developed infrared refractometer based on a goniometer is presented. Using this refractometer, the method of the minimum deviation for refractive index of infrared materials measurements in automatic mode is implemented. The error of measuring the refractive index of infrared materials by the method of minimum deviation using a developed infrared refractometer based on a goniometer is analyzed, considering the infl uence of measurement errors of the prism angle, beam deviation angle, radiation wavelength and temperature. The infl uence of diffraction on the measurement error of the deviation angles of infrared radiation is considered. The total error of refractive index measurements in the ranges 3–5 and 8–12 microns for germanium and silicon was estimated, which was 4.1·10 –5 and 2.5·10 –5 , respectively. The results obtained are important for developing requirements for the components of the State Primary Standard of the Refractive Index Unit GET 138-2021 when improving it in order to expand the wavelength range to the middle and far infrared ranges.
Different methods and means of polarization mode dispersion unit reproducing and transmitting in optical fiber for a wide spectral range are considered. The obtained research results made it possible to improve the State primary special standard of the unit of polarization mode dispersion in optical fiber GET 185-2010 and to approve the State primary special standard of the unit of polarization mode dispersion in optical fiber GET 185-2025, which provides reproduction and transmission of the specifi ed unit by polarimetric and interferometric methods in the required spectral range of 1260-1650 nm. A method for transmitting small values (less than 5 ps) of the polarization mode dispersion unit from GET 185-2025 to high-precision polarization mode dispersion interferometric measuring instruments with broadband optical radiation sources is proposed. The development results of optical spectrum analysis set-up are presented. The set-up is included in the GET 185-2025 and it is used for characterization of broadband optical radiation sources used in high-precision polarization mode dispersion analyzers. The etalon international comparisons result in terms of the polarimetric method of the unit reproducing are presented. The updated composition and metrological characteristics of the GET 185-2025 are given. GET 185-2025 metrologically provides fi ber optics in both manufacturing and scientifi c and technical fields.
Ensuring the uniformity of measurements of pulsed electromagnetic factor parameters is critical for improving the reliability of interference immunity testing of aviation, rocket and space equipment, and information and communication technology equipment. This article provides an overview of electromagnetic pulse measurement instruments used in the Russian Federation, indicating their types and main metrological characteristics. Traceability of these measurement instruments to state primary standards of units of pulsed electric and magnetic field strengths, high pulsed electric voltage, and pulsed current is ensured. A comparative analysis of the state of metrological support for pulsed electromagnetic fields, currents, and voltages in Russia and abroad is conducted. The paper formulates key areas for improving the reference base for the metrological support of prospective types of pulsed electromagnetic field measurement instruments. The choice of a pyramidal TEM-cell (GTEM-cell) as a field-generating system of standard facilities for reproducing long-duration pulsed electric and magnetic fields with rise times in the tens of picosecond range is justified. Its geometric parameters and structural elements are calculated, and the amplitude-time range and uncertainty of unit reproduction are estimated. Standardizing the dynamic performance error of measuring instruments in the picosecond range has been identified as a prospective direction for further research in ensuring the uniformity of pulsed electromagnetic field measurements.
