Arab Academy for Management, Banking and Financial Sciences

One of the most difficult unresolved issues of computer vision for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) includes detecting human intrusion on desert borders autonomously; this issue has been identified as one where targets are small, the environment is harsh, and constraints are tough because of edge computing at remote locations without ground infrastructure. A literature search was conducted to examine 150 potential articles; ultimately, 30 articles published between April 2021 and March 2026 were selected from IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, and 8 other academic journals. The review does not follow an approach organized by either domain or chronological progression, but rather follows a three-tier pipeline approach taxonomy, namely, detection architecture, model compression, and edge deployment, and highlights some critical shortcomings in the engineering process of designing deployable autonomous surveillance systems. Our findings provide evidence of an evolutionary trajectory from the You Only Look Once (YOLO)v5 to YOLOv11 to hybrid models using vision transformers (ViT), pinpoint P2 detection heads and GhostConvs feature pyramids as the most reproducible detection architectures for detecting objects in aerial images, and evaluate quantization and pruning techniques under the 30 frames per second (FPS) constraint using Jetson-class GPUs. It is now evident that a validated end-to-end, autonomous, human-specific detection pipeline under desert conditions remains extremely scarce, creating a clear research gap. The roadmap thus emerging from this gap is a five-pronged approach to creating datasets unique to deserts, designing hardware-aware architectures, integrating compression pipelines, full autonomy for onboard systems, and standard evaluation protocols, leading us from here to an end-to-end deployment of autonomous border monitoring.

Enterprise resource planning systems are increasingly adopted by international non-governmental organizations to strengthen accountability, coordination, and service delivery. However, implementation outcomes remain uneven because ERP success depends not only on technology, but also on how organizations engage stakeholders throughout the change process. Drawing on stakeholder theory, socio-technical thinking, and information systems success literature, this study examines how stakeholder involvement relates to ERP implementation success in humanitarian INGOs operating in Aden, Yemen. A quantitative survey of 150 ERP users examined stakeholder analysis and representation, participation in ERP lifecycle activities, communication and information sharing, and readiness and support for change. ERP implementation success was assessed through system quality, information quality, service quality, user satisfaction, and organizational benefits. The findings indicate that all stakeholder-involvement dimensions are positively associated with ERP implementation success, with readiness and support for change showing the strongest role. The study positions stakeholder involvement as an integrated organizational capability that supports ERP outcomes in conflict-affected humanitarian settings and offers practical guidance for improving ERP implementation through representation, participation, communication, training, and change support. The findings should be interpreted as associative evidence from Aden-based INGOs rather than causal evidence generalizable to all humanitarian organizations.

Digital transformation has become an important organizational issue for INGOs seeking to improve coordination, responsiveness, and service quality in demanding operating environments. This study examines how digital transformation relates to service delivery performance in INGOs operating in Aden and whether organizational learning explains part of this relationship. A cross-sectional survey of 184 employees was analyzed using PLS-SEM. The findings indicate that digital transformation strengthens organizational learning and contributes to service delivery performance both directly and indirectly through organizational learning. The results suggest that digital tools are more likely to improve service outcomes when they support knowledge sharing, experience documentation, reflection, and adaptive follow-up across organizational units. The study contributes context-specific evidence from INGOs in Aden and offers practical implications for development-oriented organizations seeking to align digital systems with learning routines and service improvement.

This study examines how electronic customer relationship management practices shape customer loyalty in Yemeni retail banking and explains the mediating role of customer trust. Drawing on Commitment-Trust Theory, the paper treats E-CRM as a higher-order relationship capability reflected by customization, security and privacy, payment options, problem handling, feedback and online contact, and help content. Data were collected from retail banking customers who had used electronic banking or bank-managed digital interaction channels and were analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling. The measurement results supported the reliability and validity of the proposed model, including the multidimensional structure of E-CRM. The structural findings show that E-CRM improves customer trust and customer loyalty, and that trust is the strongest pathway through which E-CRM contributes to loyalty. The mediation results indicate that customer trust carries the largest share of the relationship between E-CRM and loyalty, while E-CRM also retains a smaller direct contribution. The study contributes a validated empirical model for understanding how digital relationship practices generate loyalty in an underrepresented banking market. Practically, the findings suggest that banks in Yemen should design E-CRM around trust-sensitive priorities, including secure interaction, transparent communication, responsive problem handling, reliable follow-up, and accessible digital support.

This study examines how digital banking services contribute to customer loyalty in the banking sector of Aden, Yemen, and whether customer experience explains this relationship. The study responds to limited evidence on postadoption loyalty in underrepresented and service-constrained banking contexts. Data were collected from 323 retail banking customers and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with an estimator suitable for ordinal survey responses. Digital banking services were represented by speed and responsiveness, security and trust, ease of use, personalization, and channel integration. Customer experience was represented by cognitive perception, digital interaction, emotional impression, perceived quality, and perceived value. The results show that stronger digital banking services improve customer experience and strengthen loyalty. Customer experience also plays an important mediating role, showing that digital channels support loyalty when they create secure, smooth, integrated, and value-enhancing interactions. The study concludes that banks in Aden should manage digital banking not only as a delivery channel, but also as an experience-building capability that supports retention, relationship continuity, and customer recommendation.