Arizona Beverages USA (stylized as AriZona) is an American producer of many flavors of iced tea, juice cocktails, and energy drinks based in Woodbury, New York. Arizona's first product was made available in 1992. Arizona is known for its "Big Can" drinks holding 23 fl. oz. (680 ml) of iced teas, juice drinks and other beverages that retail for around the price of US$0.99 in the United States and C$1.29 in Canada. In certain stores, patrons may find a smaller Arizona Tea Can for the price of only US$0.50. The "Arnold Palmer blend" of iced tea and lemonade has been commercially available since the 1990s, though Arizona has since risen to become the most popular primary distributor of the beverage, with over $100 million in sales in 2010.Arizona also distributes packed trays of tortilla chip products, consisting of "Nachos 'n' Cheese" and "Salsa 'n' Chips".
AbstractHoneybees (Apis mellifera) are essential for the pollination and yield of many crops and have experienced significant mortality in recent years. While climatic warming has been suggested as a possible cause of honeybee losses, their responses to warming conditions and heat waves remain poorly understood. Honeybee colonies have well-documented mechanisms to cope with heat exposure. However, there have been no studies to date that have assessed the limits of such thermoregulation or how natural heat waves affect the capacity of honeybee colonies to thermoregulate and grow. To test the hypothesis that excessive heat impairs honeybee colony growth by exceeding colonial thermoregulatory capacity, we studied how variation in summer temperatures affected hive temperature regulation and colony growth during a desert summer in which maximal shaded air temperatures intermittently exceeded 40°C. We monitored the growth of nine colonies biweekly for 3 mo and recorded temperatures at the center and edge frames of the brood nest and on combs at the outer edge of the hive body. Average temperatures in the brood center and edge were quite stable and within the optimal range of 34°C-36°C that is necessary for healthy brood development throughout the summer. However, all hive locations exhibited cyclic, diurnal thermal fluctuations, and broods experienced considerable portions of each day (14% for the brood center, 33% for the brood edge) above and below the optimal temperature range. Higher maximal air temperatures and greater temperature fluctuations within the hive led to declines in colony population. These findings suggest that excessive heat, with maximal temperatures exceeding 40°C, can reduce colony populations by impairing the thermoregulation of broods or by exposing adults to temperatures that shorten their lifespans. If excessive heat periods occur more frequently as predicted as a result of climate change, this could limit regions where colonies can successfully survive the summer.
IntroductionDrug overdose remains a leading cause of preventable death in the United States, with persistent inequities among populations that often face stigma and barriers to care. Traditional evaluation models often exclude people with lived and living experience (PWLE) of substance use from meaningful decision-making.MethodsTo address this, the Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS) implemented a community-based participatory evaluation model within its Overdose Data to Action in States (OD2A-S) program by establishing a Community Advisory Board (CAB). The CAB was designed to integrate lived experience into evaluation planning and interpretation, identify community-driven priorities, and guide program improvement. Members were recruited statewide through a nomination process and compensated. A licensed clinical social worker facilitated meetings using trauma-informed and healing-centered approaches. Participatory methods such as journey mapping and logic model development enabled members to translate personal and community experiences into actionable evaluation questions.ResultsBetween August 2024 and August 2025, the CAB met quarterly to prioritize evaluation of naloxone vending machines and peer navigation models. Members identified key barriers, including stigma, rural access, transportation, and lack of culturally responsive care, and provided input on equitable evaluation tools and communication strategies. A composition survey confirmed strong representation of individuals in recovery (86%) and people of color (88%), though rural and tribal, medically assisted treatment, and veteran perspectives remain limited or not represented.DiscussionEarly lessons demonstrate that compensated, trauma-informed engagement fosters trust, accountability, and practical insights that strengthen evaluation quality and relevance. Challenges include administrative delays in payment, limited generalizability due to small membership, and the need for sustainable funding to expand representation.ConclusionArizona’s OD2A-S CAB provides a replicable model for integrating lived experience into state-level overdose prevention. By positioning PWLE as co-evaluators rather than participants, this model advances equity, builds system trust, and strengthens the translation of data into action.
INTRODUCTION:Timely, accurate reporting is essential for population-based surveillance of birth defects. Searching specific diagnosis codes in hospital discharge data is standard practice for identifying potential cases; however, it lacks the confidence obtained through chart review for case confirmation. While inarguably valuable, case confirmation is time-consuming. This study aimed to assess the value of diagnosis and procedure codes for case confirmation using various combinations of ICD-10-CM/PCS codes (henceforth termed ICD-10). METHODS:For birth years 2021 and 2022, Arizona used two databases for case-finding and case confirmation analysis. The authors used the Arizona Hospital Discharge Database to identify potential gastroschisis cases, querying ICD-10 codes Q793, 0WQF0ZZ, and 0WUF0JZ. Arizona's Birth Defect Registry (BDR) database represents our gold standard for true cases, as they are all confirmed via medical chart review. Arizona used standard epidemiology practices for comparing the data, focusing on positive predictive value (PPV) to compare two cohorts: Diagnosis Only and Diagnosis + Procedure. RESULTS:The traditional query of diagnosis code only yielded a PPV of 68.8%, whereas the new query using both diagnosis code and 1 or 2 procedure codes produced a PPV of 100.0%. DISCUSSION:The combination of codes produced results with more confidence than just the typical case-finding process, and could feasibly be used to confirm cases without chart reviews. CONCLUSION:Using the diagnosis code and procedure code simultaneously enables a more efficient gastroschisis case-confirmation process and potentially improves overall surveillance.
Importance:Coccidioidomycosis is an underrecognized fungal infection that can cause serious illness and constitutes a considerable public health burden. The number of cases is likely substantially higher than the nationally reported total, as surveillance does not capture patients who do not seek medical care or who are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Coccidioidomycosis is not reportable in all states, and cases not reported to public health entities are likewise missed. A systematic estimate of coccidioidomycosis burden is needed to raise awareness and inform public health interventions and policy. Objective:To assess the annual burden of symptomatic coccidioidomycosis in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants:This cross-sectional study developed models incorporating coccidioidomycosis cases reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System from January 1 to December 31, 2019, as model inputs. Multipliers from US public health surveillance accounted for factors including health care-seeking behavior, underdiagnosis, underreporting, and in-hospital mortality. Multiplier values were sourced from a combination of literature review and expert opinion. Regional estimates were generated using endemicity levels categorized as high (Arizona and California), low (Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Washington), or unknown (all other states and Washington, DC). Data were accrued from January 1, 2022, to July 1, 2024, and analyzed from October 1, 2022, to September 1, 2024. Exposure:Coccidioidomycosis reported to public health surveillance entities. Main Outcomes and Measures:Models estimated annual incident symptomatic coccidioidomycosis cases, hospitalizations, and deaths nationally and regionally in the US. Results:A nationwide total of 273 000 (95% credible interval [CrI], 206 000-360 000) incident symptomatic coccidioidomycosis cases were estimated in 2019. High-endemic states accounted for the highest burden (125 000 [95% CrI, 94 000-165 000] cases), followed by states of unknown endemicity (103 000 [95% CrI, 66 000-155 000] cases) and low-endemic states (46 000 [95% CrI, 31 000-65 000] cases). Nationally, models estimated 23 000 annual hospitalizations (95% CrI, 18 000-28 000) and 900 annual deaths (95% CrI, 700-1100) associated with coccidioidomycosis. Conclusions and Relevance:In this cross-sectional study, the estimated national burden of symptomatic coccidioidomycosis in 2019 was 10 to 18 times higher than the number of cases reported through national surveillance. Better awareness, diagnostic testing practices, and reporting are needed to improve patient outcomes and enhance our understanding of coccidioidomycosis epidemiology.
