The University of Batna 2 (Mostefa Ben Boulaïd) (Arabic: جامعة باتنة 2 مصطفى بن بولعيد) is a non-profit Algerian public University located in Fesdis, Wilaya of Batna in Algeria. It was founded in 1977 as University of Batna and then restructured in July 2015 by presidential decree, which led to a split into two distinct universities, namely University of Batna 1 and University of Batna 2. On 4 February 2017, the university was named after the Algerian national Hero Mostefa Ben Boulaïd. Also called the father of the Algerian revolution whose centenary celebration was held in the city of Batna. Now UB2 University Mostefa Ben Boulaïd is one of the largest Universities in Algeria and Africa with its (33.458) enrolled students and (1,833) staff members. Under the authority of the vice-chancellor Dr. Tayeb Bouzid, the university comprises a general management office, four vice-rectorates, five faculties, three institutes, and a central library..
This study evaluated the chemical composition and therapeutic potential of Olea europaea var. Chemlal extracts, focusing on antioxidant, anticancer, and anticoagulant activities. Polyphenols were extracted using maceration with water, 70% ethanol, and 70% methanol. Antioxidant capacity was assessed via multiple in vitro assays, including total antioxidant capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH), 2,2 '-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), beta-carotene bleaching, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferrous ion chelating, and phenanthroline assays. Cytotoxic activity against human hepatocellular cancer cell lines (HePG-2) was measured using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT). Anticoagulant properties were evaluated by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) tests. The hydromethanolic extract exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, identifying 15 polyphenolic compounds. All extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activities and significant cytotoxicity against HePG-2 cells, with the hydromethanolic extract showing superior efficacy. In coagulation assays, extracts displayed notable anticoagulant effects; PT was prolonged up to 91.1 seconds at 27 mg/mL concentration, while the aqueous extract extended aPTT beyond 150 seconds at 13.5 and 27 mg/mL. These findings suggest that O. europaea var. Chemlal extracts are promising sources of bioactive compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications for managing oxidative stress, cancer, and blood clotting disorders.
The development of a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic ramp system along the southern Tethyan margin can be clarified by examining the Aptian–Albian sequence of the Aurès Basin. An extensive cross-section was analysed to constrain the lithological architecture and microfacies distribution along the southern flank of Djebel El Azereg, the most prominent anticline of the area. Lithostratigraphic analysis allows the subdivision of the Aptian–Albian succession into three well-defined units: the Ich Moul Formation, the Dechera Baida Formation, and the Ackliath Azougar Formation. The studied succession is composed of laterally and vertically heterogeneous siliciclastic–carbonate deposits, reflecting the interplay between carbonate productivity and episodic terrigenous input under varying accommodation conditions. Petrographic analysis reveals a diverse suite of microfacies, characterised by significant variations in texture and in the relative abundance of skeletal and non-skeletal components. Thirteen microfacies are distinguished and organised into five facies associations, (1) siliciclastic microfacies, constituted by fine- to medium-grained sandstones; (2) siliciclastic–carbonate microfacies with packstone texture, composed mainly of quartz grains, ooids, bivalves, and orbitolinids; (3 and 4) carbonate microfacies with packstone and/or grainstone texture, dominated by ooids and peloids; and (4) wackestone to packstone microfacies, dominated by bivalves and echinoderms. These facies associations record depositional environments along a low-gradient homoclinal ramp, ranging from coastal and hybrid backshoal settings to carbonate shoals (inner and mid-ramp) and a proximal outer ramp domain. The spatial and vertical distribution of these facies associations provides insights into the internal organisation of the ramp (inner, middle and outer) and its stratigraphic evolution. These results highlight the complex dynamics of mixed carbonate–siliciclastic systems and contribute to a better understanding of Aptian–Albian platform development along the southern Tethyan margin.
Fault diagnosis in complex industrial systems plays a critical role in ensuring operational reliability, improving predictive maintenance, and enhancing energy efficiency. In cement rotary kilns, continuous thermal monitoring is essential to maintain process stability, reduce energy losses, and prevent unexpected shutdowns caused by abnormal temperature distributions. This work introduces a hybrid CNN–DDQN framework that transforms thermal fault classification in cement rotary kilns from a static prediction task into an adaptive decision-making process, achieving superior accuracy and robustness on real industrial data. The proposed approach integrates a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for robust feature extraction, with a double deep Q-network (DDQN) reinforcement learning model to enhance adaptive fault classification and decision-making. The models were trained and validated using labeled thermal data collected from a real cement production environment comprising multiple fault categories. Comparative evaluation was conducted using classification accuracy and performance efficiency metrics, and compared with the CNN and residual neural network (ResNet) models. The results demonstrate that the DDQN-based model outperforms the conventional CNN architecture in terms of fault classification accuracy and adaptability to thermal variations, highlighting the advantage of integrating deep reinforcement learning with convolutional feature extraction. The proposed framework provides an intelligent and scalable solution for kiln condition monitoring, contributing to improved preventive maintenance strategies, reduced fault occurrence, extended equipment lifespan, and enhanced operational and economic performance in rotary kiln-based industrial systems.
In this paper, a robust control approach for the differential drive wheeled mobile robot (DDWMR) motion, subjected to the skid, slip, and violation of the nonholonomic constraints is presented. The proposed kinematic controller “Perfect Velocity Tracking”, laid on the Lyapunov theory, generates the ideal velocity to ensure the asymptotic convergence of the state vector error. Then, based on the previous output, a new adaptive dynamic power rate sliding-mode control approach is introduced to make the overall system asymptotically stable by generating the desired actuator torques. These two controllers are introduced to promote the tracking motion even in the presence of parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. During the simulation work, an accurate kinematic and dynamic modeling of the differential drive Pioneer 3dx, based on the magic formula’s traction forces, is proposed to simulate the real case motion of the DDWMR.
Phosphorus is a key nutrient regulating algal growth and eutrophication in aquatic systems, yet its isolated effect on microalgae-based wastewater treatment remains underexplored. This study evaluated how varying phosphorus loads drive microalgal community structure and purification performance in controlled photobioreactors fed synthetic wastewater. The synthetic wastewater was formulated with constant carbon and nitrogen but graded phosphorus at C/N/P ratios of 100/5/1, 100/5/10, and 100/5/20 under 6000 lux, a 14 h photoperiod, and 24 ± 2 °C with a 15-day hydraulic retention time. Monitoring of chlorophyll a, pH, total and volatile suspended solids, and algal composition showed that phosphorus enrichment significantly increased chlorophyll a (up to 43.9 µg/L at 20 mg P/L) and particulate biomass (TSS and VSS), while pH remained near neutral to slightly alkaline, with no significant differences among the three bioreactors. Although the same core taxa—Chlorella spp., Scenedesmus spp., Navicula spp., and filamentous algae were present across all bioreactors, their relative abundances shifted significantly with phosphorus concentration. A two-way ANOVA confirmed a highly significant interaction between bioreactor (P level) and genus (p < 0.001), demonstrating phosphorus-driven changes in the microalgal community. Notably, filamentous cyanobacteria (Anabaena spp.) were undetectable in the low- and medium-phosphorus treatments but emerged prominently only at the highest phosphorus level (20 mg/L). Nutrient removal efficiencies peaked in this high-phosphorus bioreactor (C), achieving 85% for bCOD, 78% for nitrogen, and >70% for phosphorus. These results show that phosphorus loading drives predictable shifts in microalgal community composition toward fast-growing algae and cyanobacteria and that these shifts likely contribute to enhanced nutrient removal. The findings support optimization of phosphorus supply and hydraulic residence time in low-cost, sunlight-driven systems to improve polishing performance for small settlements in arid regions.
