The formation and growth of ice crystals (ICs) during freezing are the primary factors influencing pork quality. However, conventional methods cannot accurately quantify the dynamic growth process of ICs. Therefore, a new fully convolutional regression network (FCRN) based on the U-Net architecture is proposed, which performs feature extraction to facilitate IC growth analysis. The results indicate that the IC-FCRN achieved optimal performance on the test set, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 12.03 and a mean squared error (MSE) of 236.72. This model comprises only 9.45 M parameters. This research provides a high-precision, lightweight intelligent tool for frozen pork quality control while establishing a new paradigm for microscopy-based image quantification in food science.
Extreme climate risks and farmland structural constraints are intensifying agricultural vulnerability, making the improvement of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) essential for enhancing agricultural resilience and sustainability. High-standard farmland construction (HSFC) represents an important practice for advancing CSA by improving cultivated land quality and farmland infrastructure. However, existing studies have mainly examined HSFC’s effects on single outcomes, including yield, efficiency, or environmental performance, with insufficient attention to whether it can simultaneously advance multiple CSA objectives or generate synergies and trade-offs among them. To examine the multidimensional linkages between HSFC and CSA, this study proposes an integrated Pressure-State-Response-Objective (PSRO) analytical framework. Using 2003–2022 panel data for 122 counties in Hunan Province, we apply a continuous difference-in-differences (DID) model and mechanism tests to estimate HSFC’s policy effects and assess transmission through input optimization, technology upgrading, and cultivated-land habitat quality. Results show that (1) HSFC has a positive and significant policy effect on CSA, with estimated coefficients of about 0.011–0.012 across specifications; (2) HSFC positively influences CSA in pillars food security and climate adaptation, but negatively affects pillar carbon mitigation in the short term; (3) heterogeneous effects are evident across regions, with stronger impacts where regional development conditions and land-consolidation potential are more favorable; (4) CSA gains from HSFC arise from improved farmland production conditions, reduced per-output input pressure, and complementary technological and cultivated-land habitat improvements. This study links a land-consolidation mega-program with a multi-pillar CSA index under an integrated PSRO framework and offers guidance for coordinating food security, climate resilience, and carbon mitigation.
Polypores play a vital role in various forest ecosystems, yet their global biodiversity and distribution patterns have not been adequately studied. In this study, we compiled a comprehensive checklist of polypores using reliable databases and literature records, and then conducted in-depth analyses. A total of 4,026 polypore species was accepted, belonging to 11 orders, 60 families, and 368 genera within the class Agaricomycetes. Among the 11 orders (60 families), Polyporales (Polyporaceae) and Hymenochaetales (Hymenochaetaceae) have the highest number of species. Among six continents, Asia has the highest species number, while Oceania has the lowest number of species recorded. Although the tropical zone has the highest number of species, the temperate zone contains a greater number of orders, families, and genera. White rot fungi are primarily concentrated in the tropical zone, while brown rot fungi and mycorrhizal fungi are mainly distributed in the temperate zone. Bibliometric analyses revealed three distinct groups centered around the keywords of "new species" and "phylogenetic analysis", "activity" and "compound", and "forest" and "species diversity". Overall, our preliminary investigation into the species richness and distribution patterns of polypores has laid a solid foundation for resource development and conservation.
Elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) depositions are progressively modifying the dynamics of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the long-term effects on DOM quantity and quality remain poorly understood, especially regarding indirect regulation by plant inputs and microbial decomposition. We conducted a 12-year nutrient addition experiment with N and P in an alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau to investigate changes in soil organic matter (SOM), DOM quantity, and quality. SOM was derived from soil organic carbon using an elemental analyzer, while the DOM quantity was determined from dissolved organic carbon using a total organic carbon analyzer. DOM quality was assessed using UV-Visible and 3D-EEM fluorescence spectroscopy. Using linear mixed-effects models, we evaluated the effects of N and P additions on SOM, DOM quantity, and quality. We found that P addition reduced SOM by 16.8
Non-radical reaction route for organic pollutants degradation in heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) has drawn intensive attention due to its high anti-interference performance in water treatment. However, effective catalysts are still needed to regulate the produced reactive species and reaction route. In this study, a defective cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (MOF-LC) was synthesized via a controlled ligand-deficient strategy, which showed exceptional peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation performance for fluorouracil (FLU) degradation structural and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the engineered Co–O coordination defects, leading to lowered crystal field splitting energy while enhanced spin coupling due to partially vacant Co 3d orbitals, then greatly promoting electron transfer for PMS activation. Ligand defect can effectively coordinate with PMS molecules, leading to charge delocalization for promoted PMS activation. Owing to delocalized orbitals at defect sites, [O≡CoII]–HSO5− rapidly transforms into [O≡Co^II] - SO_5̇^- , subsequently driving two-step single electron transfer for selective generation of singlet oxygen (1O2). Compared with the conventional Co-MOF-74, the optimized MOF-LC1 exhibited a 17.8-fold higher FLU degradation rate, achieving 93.0
