California State University, Fullerton (CSUF or Cal State Fullerton) is a public university in Fullerton, California. With a total enrollment of more than 41,000, it has the largest student body of the 23-campus California State University (CSU) system, and its graduate student body of more than 5,000 is one of the largest in the CSU and in all of California. As of fall 2016, the school had 2,083 faculty, of which 782 were on the tenure track.The university offers 109 degree programs: 55 undergraduate degrees and 54 graduate degrees, including three doctorates.Cal State Fullerton is an Hispanic-serving institution (HSI) and is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution (AANAPISI). The university is nationally accredited in art, athletic training, business, chemistry, communications, communicative disorders, computer science, dance, engineering, music, nursing, public administration, public health, social work, teacher education and theater. Spending related to CSUF generates an impact of around $2.26 billion to the California and local economy, and sustains nearly 16,000 jobs statewide.CSUF athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the CSUF Titans. They compete in the Big West Conference.
Ernest Hemingway’s famous 1940 novel, “For Whom the Bell Tolls,” drew upon the work of John Donne, who asserted in 1624 that after the tolling of funeral bells, the question is not for whom the bell tolls, or for whom we should be grieving. He asserted that we should be grieving for each of us given our common humanity and connectedness. Exclusionary school discipline of any group based on race, or any other attribute impacts everyone. The Children’s Defense Fund Report (Edelman et al., School suspensions: Are they helping children? A report by the Children’s Defense Fund of the Washington Research Project, Inc., 1975) found that Black students were suspended two to three times more often than their White counterparts for more subjective and mild infractions that posed no threat to school safety. With current anti-Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) campaigns, schools and universities are challenged to implement discipline policies and practices in a consistent manner, without regard to race. A systematic literature review and analysis was conducted using a Critical Race Theory (CRT) lens (Ladson-Billings and Tate, Teachers College Record 97(1):47–68, 1995) to explore suspension rates, causal theories, and factors contributing to disproportionate suspensions of Black students. Differential suspension rates were revealed between Black males and their Black female counterparts. Historically, Black males have been suspended more frequently than Black females. Since the 2010s, Black females received harsher discipline than Black males and White students. Over the past 50 years, hypothesized causes of racial discipline gaps included child and family deficits, misbehavior involvement, racism, and anti-school desegregation theories. Despite repeated calls for action and interventions, disproportionate suspension rates have not only persisted for Black students but have steadily risen.
Mounting evidence indicates that some of the gravitational wave signals observed by ground-based observatories might arise from eccentric compact object binaries, increasing the urgency for accurate waveform models for such systems. While for noneccentric binaries, surrogate models are efficient and accurate, the additional features due to eccentricity have posed a challenge. In this work, we present a method for decomposing eccentric numerical relativity waveforms, making them amenable to surrogate modeling techniques. We parametrize the inspiral in the radial-phase domain, factoring out eccentricity-induced dephasing and thus enhancing compressibility and accuracy. This is combined with a second surrogate for the merger ringdown in the time domain and a technique to take advantage of the approximate periodicity with radial oscillations during the inspiral. We apply this procedure to the (2, 2) mode for nonspinning black hole binaries and demonstrate that the resulting surrogate, NRSurE_q4NoSpin_22, is able to faithfully reproduce the underlying numerical relativity waveforms, with maximum mismatches of 6 & times; 10-4 and median mismatches of 4 & times; 10-5. This technique paves the way for high-accuracy parameter estimation with eccentric models, a key ingredient for astrophysical inference and tests of general relativity.
This study examines how negative long-term advertising effects influence startups’ strategic choices between myopic and far-sighted approaches in competitive markets. Using a two-period game model, it analyzes how firms balance the short-term benefits of advertising with its potential long-term drawbacks when making pricing and promotional decisions. The analysis shows that when advertising has positive long-term effects, far-sighted strategies are theoretically optimal regardless of the timing of advertising decisions. In practice, however, startups may struggle to sustain such approaches, as early-stage losses can create financial pressure that pushes them toward short-term survival strategies. When long-term advertising effects are negative, the optimal strategy becomes more sensitive to market conditions. The model shows that in markets with low product substitutability, far-sighted strategies continue to deliver better outcomes. As products become more similar, myopic strategies become more attractive—especially when the negative long-term effects are relatively mild. Furthermore, when the short-term impact of advertising is particularly strong, a myopic strategy can outperform a far-sighted one, even if long-term consequences are unfavorable. Under certain conditions, both firms choosing far-sighted strategies may also lead to a Prisoner’s Dilemma, where mutual restraint results in lower overall profits. These findings highlight the complex trade-offs startups face between short-term gains and long-term viability. Startups must weigh immediate advertising returns against potential long-term costs and develop pricing and advertising strategies that reflect both market dynamics and sustainable growth objectives.
We consider the (symmetric) Pascal matrix, in its finite and infinite versions, and prove the existence of symmetric tridiagonal matrices commuting with it by giving explicit expressions for these commuting matrices. This is achieved by studying the associated Fourier algebra, which as a byproduct, allows us to show that all the linear relations of a certain general form for the entries of the Pascal matrix arise from only three basic relations. We also show that pairs of eigenvectors of the tridiagonal matrix define a natural eigenbasis for the binomial transform. Lastly, we show that the commuting tridiagonal matrices provide a numerically stable means of diagonalizing the Pascal matrix.
We present the Data Quality Report Builder toolkit, DQRbuild, a suite of data quality tools that have been developed to vet gravitational-wave events in preparation for the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run. We explain the main functionality and the many scientific tests that we support. To validate the performance of the tools included in the toolkit, we run a series of tests on all significant candidates shared as public alerts in the third observing run to compare against what was manually reported using human intervention. We find that these automated tools can now identify 96
