California State University, Stanislaus (Stanislaus State, Stan State) is a public university in Turlock in Stanislaus County, California. It is part of the California State University system. It was established in 1957 and is also the only campus in the system to offer a bachelor's degree in cognitive studies. The university offers 45 Bachelor's degrees, 17 Master's degrees, one Doctoral degree (Doctor of Education), and 6 teaching credentials. Stanislaus State is a Hispanic-serving institution.
This study examines how negative long-term advertising effects influence startups’ strategic choices between myopic and far-sighted approaches in competitive markets. Using a two-period game model, it analyzes how firms balance the short-term benefits of advertising with its potential long-term drawbacks when making pricing and promotional decisions. The analysis shows that when advertising has positive long-term effects, far-sighted strategies are theoretically optimal regardless of the timing of advertising decisions. In practice, however, startups may struggle to sustain such approaches, as early-stage losses can create financial pressure that pushes them toward short-term survival strategies. When long-term advertising effects are negative, the optimal strategy becomes more sensitive to market conditions. The model shows that in markets with low product substitutability, far-sighted strategies continue to deliver better outcomes. As products become more similar, myopic strategies become more attractive—especially when the negative long-term effects are relatively mild. Furthermore, when the short-term impact of advertising is particularly strong, a myopic strategy can outperform a far-sighted one, even if long-term consequences are unfavorable. Under certain conditions, both firms choosing far-sighted strategies may also lead to a Prisoner’s Dilemma, where mutual restraint results in lower overall profits. These findings highlight the complex trade-offs startups face between short-term gains and long-term viability. Startups must weigh immediate advertising returns against potential long-term costs and develop pricing and advertising strategies that reflect both market dynamics and sustainable growth objectives.
In this work, we propose a new scan tool that automatically calculates maximal cross section predictions for a new physics scenario with additional scalar states. While the tool is currently optimized for asymmetric production and decay processes in the form of p p -> h3 -> h1 h2, where hi denote CP even neutral scalars, in principle it can be extended to include any production and decay mode. As the code builds largely on the structure of the publicly available code ScannerS, it can in principle be extended to any other model contained within this tool. We here show first applications for a specific model, the Two-Real-Singlet Model (TRSM), and compare to publicly available results from the LHC collaborations from the previous runs. We also in detail discuss the structure of the code, including code installation, usage, as well as underlying algorithms.
Social deficits are common in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To help facilitate the development of social behaviors, practitioners may target specific play skills, such as with toys. Previous researchers have used discrete trial training (DTT) to teach a variety of skills, including play, to individuals with ASD (Smith, 2001). DTT is a structured instructional procedure consisting of an antecedent instruction, learner response (with prompts provided as needed), consequence delivery, and a brief intertrial interval before the next trial. Building on this framework, instructive feedback (IF) has been used as an exposure-based procedure to promote play skills among individuals with ASD (Grow et al., 2016; Morton et al., 2023). IF embeds a secondary learning target commonly during the intertrial interval of the DTT sequence, typically following a correct response to the primary target, thereby providing additional learning opportunities without requiring separate teaching trials. In the current study, we replicated and extended Grow et al. (2016) and Morton et al. (2023) with three participants diagnosed with ASD. Participants received two forms of DTT that targeted speaker-responding, both with and without IF that involved modeling a play response with a toy. Overall, all participants acquired primary targeted speaker responses, and two participants demonstrated some acquisition and generalization of the secondary toy play responses. Our results extend previous research suggesting that including IF within DTT is effective in teaching speaker and play responding to children with ASD.
Coenocytic algae are organisms that undergo karyokinesis without cytokinesis, resulting in multinucleated cells. Most research on bacterial communities in coenocytic algae has used 16S rRNA sequencing, primarily focusing on the order Bryopsidales of green coenocytic algae. Recent studies have analyzed metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from algal hosts across multiple taxa, such as Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta, revealing further insights into bacterial biosynthetic machinery and potential symbiotic relationships. Given the cosmopolitan distribution of coenocytic algae, such as Bryopsis, Caulerpa, Codium, and the yellow-green alga Vaucheria, and their unique morphology, there is a need to better understand their associated bacterial communities. To address this, filaments of Vaucheria bursata LB2067 were sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq instrument, and all publicly available short- and long-read datasets from coenocytic algae were screened for MAG recovery. All recovered MAGs from both Bryopsidales and Vaucheriales showed a high dominance of Pseudomonadota at the phylum level, but no consistent patterns at the order or family levels. Core metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and amino acid biosynthesis, were present across MAGs from both coenocytic and non-coenocytic algae. Pathways with significantly higher completeness in coenocytic-associated MAGs included protein secretion (Sec-SRP), which showed the strongest effect, motility (flagellar assembly), thiamin biosynthesis, and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis (Mann–Whitney U, padj < 0.05). Notably, N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide (NAGGN) biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were found only in MAGs from coenocytic orders, whereas polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) were present in all MAGs analyzed. These results indicate that bacterial communities associated with coenocytic algae are complex, with diverse survival strategies adapted to challenging and variable environments.
