Calcium ion (Ca2+) overload has been extensively explored in tumor therapy; however, the inadequate concentrations of Ca2+ frequently result in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we developed curcumin (Cur)-loaded amorphous carbonated calcium nanoparticles (CaCur, NPs), which were coated with cancer cell membranes (CCM) to facilitate targeted delivery. Additionally, the fluorescence dye DiR was embedded into the CCM to achieve photothermal effects, thereby enabling the opening of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, which promotes amplified Ca2+ overload through increased Ca2+ influx. This work provides a photothermal amplification strategy aiming at improving antitumor efficacy by robustly enhancing the extent of Ca2+ overload through a tripartite collaboration.
Transmission loss (TL) is perhaps the most useful metric in the design of noise reduction silencers. However, in chiller systems, the use of TL simply to reduce outlet pulsating pressures is not sufficient for system noise reduction. This is especially true when reflection waves and standing waves build up and increase compressor and pipe noises, which can dominate chiller noise sources. In this study: the transmission loss (TL), the reflection coefficient (RC), and the acoustic specific impedance (Z) are applied for the inlet, outlet, and silencer noise reductions. The viscous Lautrec number (the ratio of viscous penetration depth to the hydraulic radius) is critical in determining the best viscous material choice. For oscillating flow, when the Lautrec number is less than 1, the velocity gradient and shear gradient depend only on the pore geometry. Applying this method, a chiller achieved a reduction in system sound power of 25 dB. The compressor shell’s vibrations were reduced to 1/20 and the discharge pulsating pressures to 1/100. Fluid–structure interaction and boundary element method (BEM) were used to model radiation noise, fluid, and structure. The modeling results closely matched experimental data.
Efficient transfer of liquid hydrogen is critical for a myriad of processes in terrestrial and extraterrestrial applications. The objective of this study is to model and quantify the amount of liquid parahydrogen vaporized during a discharging/charging process in a cryogenic storage system. The effects that are included include geometrical effects (storage tank volume), two-phase compressible flow, choking/unchoking, and wall-fluid heat transfer. A brief description of other physical boil-off mechanisms is also presented. This study provides a foundation for applicationspecific optimization. The storage system studied comprises two interconnected tanks whose transfer line has a variation in the flow area. This simulates current liquid-hydrogen storage and transportation systems. The model tracks the temperature- and pressure-time histories of liquid hydrogen as it flows between storage tanks, in both the choked and unchoked flow regimes. The transfer of liquid is induced solely by the pressure differential that exists between the two storage tanks. An iterative technique helps account for choking, which is likely to exist at the throat in two-phase flow. Cases of zero and infinite tank-wall thermal mass are also discussed. By analyzing the behavior of fundamental variables during the transient transfer of liquid hydrogen, boil-off losses may be minimized if the variables with the greatest effect on boil-off losses are controlled.
