Catholic University of the West

This article reflects on assessment in the context of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT), analyzing both the positive and negative aspects of their implementation in the assessment of learning. The most relevant characteristics of assessment with an integral and formative approach are discussed, as well as its impact on the assessment of student learning. For this reflection, a methodology of selection and systematic review of literature was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, Dialnet, and SciELO as primary sources. The referenced articles revealed the tensions brought about by the 2019 pandemic, the influence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on 21st-century education, and several conceptions of evaluation from an integral and formative approach. During the process of contrasting the collected information, the importance of implementing learning assessment within educational institutions from these two approaches—while also incorporating the use of ICT—was recognized. The conclusions suggest that education, through its evaluative processes and the use of ICTs, can facilitate more effective and enjoyable learning for students. In addition, the importance of keeping up to date with technological advances is emphasized, preventing devices from becoming distractions to learning.

Dominant culture-centric models in international business (IB) negotiation research often overlook the influence of intra-national religious diversity and its interplay with specific institutional contexts. This study extends these models by examining how religious values and a powerful, faith-based institutional system jointly shape negotiation strategy. Drawing on Neo-Institutional Theory (NIT), this paper analyzes qualitative data from 40 in-depth interviews with senior Lebanese managers from diverse religious backgrounds (Muslim, Christian, and Druze) with extensive IB negotiation experience. The study reveals that Lebanese negotiators navigate a tension between two competing institutional logics: a “logic of universal religious ethics” (derived from faith values like honesty and fairness), which fosters a preference for integrative strategies, and a “logic of sectarian pragmatism” (derived from Lebanon's confessional system), which encourages more distributive tactics. Managers engage in “strategic code-switching,” selectively deploying these logics based on the negotiation context (intra-Lebanon vs. cross-border), the dyadic pairing (e.g., intra-faith vs. faith-secular), and the deal structure (e.g., international joint ventures (IJV) vs. sales). This dynamic is most salient in the critical pre-negotiation phase of partner selection and trust-building. This study advances IB negotiation theory by providing a granular, institutionally-embedded conceptual model of negotiator behavior that moves beyond monolithic views of culture. It contributes to NIT by empirically illustrating how actors strategically navigate conflicting logics at the micro-level and enriches the study of religion in IB by specifying the mechanisms through which faith shapes strategy. Practically, the findings highlight the need for managers to develop deep institutional acumen to succeed in complex, multi-faith markets.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric condition that varies considerably in severity and resistance to treatment. The aim of this study was to identify error detection abnormalities in OCD patients using evoked potential recordings and to determine whether links could be established between individual patients' error detection processes and their severity and resistance to treatment. To answer this question, the potentials evoked by participants' responses to a flanker task, i.e., the error-related negativity (ERN/CRN component) and subsequent positivity (Pe/Pc component), were recorded. Twenty-six OCD patients with a wide range of pathology severity and treatment resistance and 26 control participants matched for gender, age, and education level with the patients were included in the study. The amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN) evoked by false responses was positively correlated with the severity of patients' pathology, while the lower the amplitude of the negativity evoked by correct responses (CRN), the more resistant patients were to treatment. The ERN/CRN components could therefore be used as markers of the severity and treatment resistance of OCD patients' pathology. Furthermore, under the present experimental conditions, the positive Pe/Pc component, supposed to reflect patients' awareness of the correctness of their responses, was virtually absent compared to control participants. This suggests a major deficit in the patients' monitoring of the consequences of their actions. The discovery of this disappearance of action feedback signals in patients leads to proposing an original neurodevelopmental model for the onset of pathology in childhood or adolescence.

Empathy and emotional regulation play a central role in the socio-affective adaptation of young adults. However, their interactions remain insufficiently documented, particularly when emotional stimuli are task-irrelevant. The present study aimed to examine the extent to which the cognitive and affective dimensions of empathy modulate emotional regulation mechanisms within a motor inhibition paradigm. Thirty-one young adults completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and subsequently performed a modified Go/NoGo task in which negative, neutral, or positive images were presented as affective distractors preceding a Go or NoGo signal. Following each trial, participants rated the subjective valence of the image on a Likert scale. Results first indicated that negative images slowed response times in the Go condition, whereas positive images were associated with a reduction in error rates relative to neutral images. Furthermore, activation of inhibitory control influenced subjective emotional experience, with overall more negative valence ratings following a NoGo signal than a Go signal, particularly for positive images. Finally, analyses revealed that specific empathy dimensions, notably perspective-taking and empathic concern, were associated with more negative ratings of negative images, without exerting a robust effect on inhibitory performance. These findings suggest that inhibition is not limited to behavioral adjustment but also contributes to the implicit modulation of emotional experience, whereas empathy appears to influence subjective sensitivity to negative stimuli more than the efficiency of inhibitory control.

RésuméCet article propose une méthodologie interdisciplinaire articulant la sémiotique, les sciences de l’information et de la communication, et les sciences informatiques. S’appuyant sur la pensée peircienne et les méthodes issues des interactions homme-machine, il propose une démarche de recherche expérimentale autour de la notion de tactilité du visuel à travers le prisme de la réalité virtuelle (RV). Les participants explorent un environnement virtuel reproduisant une salle réelle, afin d’interagir avec des objets modélisés en 3D. Cependant, l’étude ne vise pas tant à questionner l’expérience elle-même que le rôle joué par les participants dans l’expérimentation et la définition des notions de virtuel ou de tactilité, médiés par des interfaces numériques. Elle met en évidence les écarts entre attente perceptive et expérience vécue, les mécanismes d’ajustement sensoriel, ainsi que la manière dont la participation peut devenir un opérateur sémiotique à part entière. Ce travail vise à reconfigurer le rôle du corps et de la perception sensible dans la production de sens en contexte numérique dit « immersif ». AbstractThis article proposes an interdisciplinary methodology that brings together semiotics, information and communication sciences, and computer science. Drawing on Peircean thought and methods derived from human–computer interaction, it proposes an experimental research approach centred on the concept of the tactility of the visual through the prism of virtual reality (VR). Participants explore a virtual environment replicating a real room in order to interact with 3D-modelled objects. However, the study aims not so much to examine the experience itself as to investigate the role played by participants in experimenting with and defining the concepts of the virtual and tactility, as mediated by digital interfaces. It highlights the discrepancies between perceptual expectations and lived experience, the mechanisms of sensory adjustment, and the way in which participation can become a semiotic operator in its own right. This work aims to reconfigure the role of the body and sensory perception in the production of meaning within a so-called ‘immersive’ digital context.