The growing global demand for sustainable energy and the environmental limitations of fossil-fuel-based power generation have intensified interest in next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Among emerging approaches, oxide-based solar cells—particularly dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite–oxide hybrid systems—have gained considerable attention due to their low fabrication cost, material versatility, and compatibility with flexible or building-integrated photovoltaic applications. Recent studies demonstrate that nanocarbon materials and room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) can significantly enhance the performance of these devices by improving charge transport, catalytic activity, and interfacial stability. For example, graphene- or ionic liquid-modified electrolytes have been reported to increase ionic conductivity by up to 93
Coastal and marine fishing communities are critical to global food security and the blue economy, yet they face escalating environmental and economic pressures. This systematic review synthesises two decades (2004–2024) of research on financial mechanisms supporting these communities, addressing a fragmented understanding of how tools like microloans, subsidies, and insurance influence socioeconomic resilience and marine conservation. Through a bibliometric analysis of Web of Science data, the review investigates four interconnected themes: (i) the evolution of global research trends and collaborations in fisheries finance, (ii) the impact of distinct financial mechanisms on the economic development of small-scale fisheries, (iii) the contribution of financial support to community livelihoods, specifically income and employment, and (iv) the alignment of this research with key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Findings reveal a 23.084
The modulation of surfactant and drug self-assembly by ionic liquids (ILs) is a key strategy for enhancing the efficacy of drug delivery and antimicrobial systems. This study investigates the micellization behaviour of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a cationic surfactant, in the absence and presence of ionic liquids (ILs), namely 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium chloride ([C4C1pip][Cl]) and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bromide ([C4C1pip][Br]). Furthermore, the interaction of CPC with the antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) was analysed in IL media to evaluate the mixed micellization behaviour. Conductometric measurements at various temperatures revealed that both piperidinium ILs significantly lower the CMC of CPC, with the bromide IL inducing a more pronounced effect. Thermodynamic parameters ( Δ G_m^o , Δ H_m^o , and Δ S_m^o ) were calculated to understand the spontaneity, enthalpic/entropic contributions, and the role of ILs in modulating aggregation. The findings show that adding ILs significantly lowers the CMC of CPC, suggesting improved micellar stability resulting from the combined effects of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Strong synergism in the CPC–AMT mixed systems is confirmed by the negative values of the interaction parameter ( β ^m ). Moreover, the molecular-level experimental data are supported by quantum-chemical simulations that provide insight into the relative stability and reactivity of CPC, AMT, as well as the ILs [C4C1pip][Cl] and [C4C1pip][Br]. The antibacterial activity of CPC, AMT, ILs, and their binary and ternary mixtures was estimated against Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The enhanced activity is attributed to the cooperative membrane-disrupting capability of the surfactant, IL, and drug molecules. Overall, the study demonstrates that ILs can effectively modulate micellar self-assembly and enhance biological performance, offering promising prospects for the design of multifunctional drug delivery and antimicrobial systems.
The authors presented an efficient scheme for getting approximate bound states of Dirac equation with spherically symmetric potentials. This method does not require to transform the system of first-order coupled ordinary differential equations for upper- and lower-components of radial part of Dirac spinor to a Schrödinger-like second-order equation. Furthermore, use of the Pekeris or Greene-Aldrich type approximation of centrifugal terms (for vector and/or scalar potentials involving non-algebraic functions in their arguments) may also be avoided. Efficiency of the scheme has been demonstrated for Dirac-Coulomb problem involving various combination of vector and scalar potentials, i) vector potential only, ii) scalar potential only, and iii) scalar-vector potentials having iiia) spin-symmetry, iiib) without spin-pseudo-spin symmetry, whose exact bound state solutions are available. Moreover, the loss of accuracy in the approximate solution due to Pekeris or Greene-Aldrich approximation of the transformed Schrödinger-like equation has been examined and highlighted.
We investigate a system of two particles harmonically confined in a 2D plane interacting via a two-body Gaussian potential and subjected to an externally impressed rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the motion. Separating the free motion of the center of mass from the relative motion, we use perturbation theory to obtain the eigenenergy for the relative motion of the pair, in a given relative angular momentum state l. We numerically demonstrate that for the Gaussian interaction potential with interaction strength g_2 and interaction range σ , the ground-state energy converges within a subspace of finite number of basis functions. We obtain energies for the ground, the first, and the second excited states in the interaction strength regime -4≤ g_2≤ 4 , for various values of the interaction range σ , for the relative angular momenta l=0 and l=1 . For angular momentum l=0 and attractive interaction with g_2<0 , the ground-state energy becomes negative, thus forming a bound state. As the interaction strength g_2 takes further negative values below -2 , the ground-state energy diverges to -∞ , thus forming a tightly-bound pair of particles. In contrast, for the angular momentum l=1 , there is no such divergence in the ground-state energy, instead, the ground, the first, and the second excited state energies coincide with the corresponding non-interacting values, independent of the value of the interaction strength in the regime -4≤ g_2≤ +4 . For angular momentum l=0 or 1 and repulsive interaction with g_2>0 , the ground-state energy increases with an increase in the interaction strength as well as the interaction range. For the ground-state of the pair, the inter-dependence of the average kinetic energy ⟨ Ke ⟩ , the average harmonic-potential ⟨ V_ho⟩ and the average interaction energy ⟨ V_int⟩ are analyzed with interaction strength g_2=1 and interaction range in the regime 0.1≤σ≤ 0.9 , for relative angular momentum l=0 and l=1 .
