We introduce a novel monolithic formulation that employs Lagrange multipliers (LMs) to couple a fluid flow governed by the time-dependent Stokes equations with a poroelastic structure described by the Biot equations. The formulation is developed in detail, and we establish the well-posedness of both the semi-discrete and fully discrete saddle point problems. We further prove the stability of the fully discrete system. This saddle point formulation, which utilizes LMs, is designed to enable a partitioned approach that completely decouples the Stokes and Biot subdomains, and this approach will be explored in a subsequent work.
The muhly grass mealybug Stemmatomerinx acircula Howell & Miller is an emerging pest of Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. in the southeastern United States, yet no parasitoids have previously been documented from this species. Here, we report the first molecular confirmation of an encyrtid parasitoid emerging from S. acircula collected in South Carolina. Parasitoid adults were obtained from five field samples collected between 2024 and 2025 in Greenville and Columbia. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, 5 ' region (mtCOI5 ') sequencing and comparison against the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) revealed that all specimens matched BIN ADM2132 (Encyrtidae) with 97.94-99.68% identity to reference sequences from Puerto Rico, California, Mexico, and Canada (Ontario). The parasitoid could not be assigned to a species based on the available morphological and molecular data. This represents the first evidence linking BIN ADM2132 to a mealybug host and the first parasitoid record for S. acircula. These findings expand the known ecological associations of this poorly studied mealybug genus and provide essential molecular resources for future diagnostics, taxonomy, and biological control research.
Water distribution systems (WDSs) in seismic regions are highly vulnerable to earthquake-induced ground deformation, yet network-scale assessments often rely on generic fragility curves that overlook variability in pipe diameter, soil conditions, and rehabilitation strategies. Despite its widespread use, the effectiveness of cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining as a network-level seismic mitigation strategy remains understudied. This study evaluates the seismic resilience of WDSs primarily composed of cast iron (CI) pipelines and explores the effectiveness of CIPP rehabilitation as a resilience improvement strategy. Diameter- and soil-specific fragility relations for CI pipelines, with and without CIPP lining, are used to demonstrate the proposed resilience evaluation and improvement schemes, considering two benchmark WDSs under 10,000 randomly generated earthquake scenarios. Specifically, this study aims to (1) assess network-level seismic resilience using diameter- and soil-specific fragility relations, (2) quantify the resilience improvement achieved through budget-constrained CIPP rehabilitation, and (3) distinguish between scenario-specific rehabilitation priorities and systemwide pipeline importance identified across earthquake scenarios. Seismic resilience is quantified using the Topologic Resilience Metric (TRM), which integrates pipeline failure probabilities, network connectivity, and nodal demand. A one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis evaluates the effects of hazard and system parameters on resilience. Budget-constrained optimization using a genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to identify CIPP rehabilitation strategies. In addition, the systemwide importance of individual pipelines is quantified based on their mean relative resilience improvement across the simulated earthquake scenarios. The discussion section interprets results in terms of network characteristics, rehabilitation prioritization, and resilience-based pipeline management. Results show that resilience varies across networks, and hazard-related parameters primarily govern resilience variability. Moreover, across six independent GA runs, optimized CIPP rehabilitation increases mean resilience under the selected governing seismic scenario from 61.9 % to 69.2 % in D-Town (7.3 percentage points; 11.8 % relative) and from 53.1 % to 57.6 % in Exnet (4.5 percentage points; 8.5 % relative). These findings highlight how trenchless rehabilitation can be integrated into seismic resilience-based planning for aging water distribution systems.
Individual differences in cognitive abilities may influence how people form and adjust trust in automated systems, yet the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. This study investigated how three foundational cognitive abilities — working memory (WM), attention control (AC), and fluid intelligence (Gf) — shape trust dynamics, particularly focusing on trust decline and recovery after automation failures. Participants (N = 111) completed cognitive tests measuring WM, AC, and Gf before performing a dual-task paradigm where they monitored an automated memory aid exhibiting varying reliability levels (100%-65%-100%) while completing an arithmetic task. Results revealed that WM and Gf positively predicted trust recovery after automation failures, while AC influenced long-term trust calibration, with high-AC individuals showing more nuanced trust adjustments reflecting system reliability history. Trust decline was uniform across ability levels, suggesting that trust loss may occur rapidly after salient failures. The relationship between abilities and trust may have been partially mediated by automation schemas, with WM negatively correlating with all-or-none thinking about automation. These findings suggest different cognitive abilities play distinct roles in trust dynamics: WM supports monitoring automation performance, Gf enables effective schema updating, and AC facilitates appropriate deployment of these resources for trust calibration. This work advances our understanding of trust mechanisms and has implications for designing automation interfaces that accommodate individual cognitive differences.
This study synthesized the empirical literature published between January 2020 and May 2026 on cultural adaptation of Mainland Chinese migrants. Drawing on the PRISMA framework, 69 empirical studies were identified and synthesized thematically. Methodological quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and confidence in the synthesized findings was assessed using the GRADE-CERQual approach. Five analytical themes emerged: acculturation strategy, social media use, family networks, acculturative stress and psychological adjustment, and identity-based subgroups. The results indicate acculturation strategy and continuous cross-cultural negotiation are the factors affecting the dynamic and complex process of cultural adaptation of migrants from Mainland China. Methodological appraisal further identified systematic deficiencies in sample representativeness within the quantitative descriptive literature, and in the handling of divergence in mixed methods designs. This synthesis emphasizes the importance of subgroup heterogeneity, digital communication, and post-pandemic reception environments as productive avenues for future intercultural research.
