Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology (Polish: Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki) is a public university located in central Kraków, Poland, established in 1946 and, as an institution of higher learning granted full autonomy in 1954.Over 37,000 students graduated from the Polytechnic to this day with degrees. Doctorate degrees were granted to 1200 persons and Habilitated degrees – to additional 300. The number of students admitted each year reaches 4500.
This paper examines the geometric principles which governs the construction of late Gothic vaults, by using the example of the vault in the chancel of St. Zygmunt’s Church in Szydłowiec (Poland). Scientific studies concerning the Szydłowiec temple and similar European construction were analyzed. On this basis, the geometrical rules for the construction of the vault, which is unique in Poland, were established. The initial figure was a regular octagon, the side of which determined the length of the spans. The radius of the two-bend prinzipalbogen, inscribed in the octagon, defines the curvature of all ribs. The research used measurements of the vault and the original plan from the time of construction. As a result of the analysis, the use of a two-bend prinzipalbogen was confirmed. Axial symmetry, parallel lines, and collinearity of nodal points are other geometric principles that builders followed.
Context: Due to limited contextual understanding, traditional Static Application Security Testing (SAST) tools often struggle to detect complex software vulnerabilities, especially in dynamically typed languages. Large Language Models (LLMs), with their advanced contextual comprehension and language-agnostic nature, offer a compelling alternative to conventional security analysis methods. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of contemporary LLMs as tools for SAST, focusing on their ability to detect eleven common vulnerability classes, including SQL Injection (SQLi), Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), and Path Traversal. Methods: Thirty state-of-the-art LLMs-including Gemini 3 Pro, Sonnet 4.5, and DeepSeek R1 — were compared with a traditional SAST tools like Semgrep. The models were evaluated using the OWASP Benchmark version 1.2 and a custom external validation dataset. The models were assessed using widely accepted metrics such as precision, recall, and F1-score. Results: Several LLMs outperformed Semgrep in terms of the F1-score. While Semgrep achieved an F1-score of 0.66, the highest score, 0.88, was obtained by the Gemini 3 Pro model. Evaluation on the custom external dataset confirmed these findings, validating the models’ superior performance over traditional methods and their ability to generalize to previously unseen code. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate the potential of LLMs in static code analysis and suggest that, with further development, LLM-based approaches surpass traditional tools and potentially even manual review in vulnerability detection effectiveness.
The Oberlack definition of the MILD combustion limit for premixed systems was derived under the assumption of lean combustion and a one-step reaction. In this study, a generalization of this definition is presented by removing the lean combustion assumption, which leads to a more comprehensive relation between the Damk & ouml;hler number and temperature, defining the so-called S-curve. The transition of the S-curve to a monotonic function, indicating MILD conditions in the generalized formulation, reveals a dependency on the kinetic parameters of the reaction (reaction orders) and the equivalence ratio. Unlike the previous definition, the proposed solution applies across a broader range of conditions, from rich to lean mixtures, incorporating variations in combustion conditions and the reactivity of the analyzed system. Analytical solutions are not available due to the strong non-linearity of the model; therefore, the results are obtained numerically and are presented as plots and approximation functions, all valid in a wide range of parameter values and applicable to various fuels. The proposed methodology is adaptable to different parameter ranges if needed. Finally, two practical examples, based on hydrogen and methane, illustrate the findings. The results show that reaction orders and the equivalence ratio significantly influence the limit curve defining the MILD combustion regime, with dependencies on the combustion conditions and the chosen fuel.
The increasing demand for trusted and verifiable digital microcredentials in education and professional development has created new challenges related to data integrity, decentralization, and service scalability. Although blockchain technology has been widely proposed as a potential solution, existing approaches often lack operational rigor, security formalization, and alignment with service-oriented computing paradigms. This paper introduces Skillchain, a blockchain-based microcredential management platform implemented on Ethereum, designed as a secure, decentralized trust service. We present a full-stack architecture that incorporates a hybrid network model and a Proof-of-Authority consensus mechanism, enabling efficient issuance, revocation, and validation of digital microcredentials. A key contribution of this work is the integration of smart contract-based access control and on-chain governance, providing trusted organizations with structured authorization workflows. The proposed platform is evaluated through a comprehensive set of performance and security experiments, which demonstrate scalability to thousands of concurrent transactions and resilience against misconfigured node vulnerabilities. A formal threat model is developed, and countermeasures are implemented at the protocol and smart contract levels. Comparative analysis with centralized and federated models is provided, highlighting trade-offs in latency, transparency, and trust distribution. This study advances the state-of-the-art in blockchain-enabled service computing by offering a reproducible, extensible service architecture for secure credential management. The findings highlight the platform's potential for integration with interoperable credential ecosystems and contribute to advancing decentralized service computing for trusted digital credentials.
The article presents a comprehensive determination and analysis of the dynamic accuracy of the AC traction network–pantograph interface using an equivalent lumped-parameter RLC model derived from a distributed-parameter representation of the traction line. The study investigates the system’s response to representative excitation signals: step, sinusoidal, and multi-harmonic, where the root mean square value of the voltage error at the network–pantograph interface is adopted as the main performance indicator. A novel contribution of this work lies in determining the upper bound on the dynamic error (UBDE) for input signals constrained by realistic physical limitations: initially by magnitude and duration, and subsequently extended with an additional rate of change constraint. In the first case, an iterative optimization procedure is applied to determine the constrained excitation and its corresponding error, while in the extended case, the problem of maximizing the dynamic error energy is solved numerically using a genetic algorithm. In both formulations, the objective is to identify extreme, physically admissible excitation waveforms that represent the most unfavorable dynamic scenarios for voltage reproduction within the traction network–pantograph RLC interface. The results obtained in this study are of both theoretical and practical significance. They allow the identification of frequency ranges and resonance conditions that intensify dynamic errors, support the design of compensation and filtering strategies, and enable the assessment of the system robustness to fast disturbances and supply voltage distortions. From a theoretical point of view, the article introduces a unified methodology for the determination and evaluation of dynamic errors and their worst-case upper estimates under realistic signal constraints, providing a foundation for future research on control design, optimization, and voltage quality requirements in AC traction power systems.
