Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the chemical composition and antibacterial and antioxidant properties of essential oil (EOs) and solvent extracts from the leaves of Solanecio gigas, a medicinal plant that has long been used in Ethiopian traditional medicine but has received little scientific attention.Methods Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyse the EOs obtained by hydrodistillation. Soxhlet extraction was used to create solvent extracts using methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. To find the main classes of compounds, phytochemical screening was done. Utilizing the 22-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, antioxidant activity was assessed. The agar diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The microdilution assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Colourimetric techniques were used to quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid contents.Results The essential oil contained 15 compounds, as determined by GC-MS analysis, with the main constituents being, Sabinene (38.909%), and alpha-Pinene (18.20%). The highest levels of flavonoids (130.10 +/- 0.08 mu g CE/mg) and phenolics (110.2 +/- 0.03 mu g GAE/mg) were found in the methanolic extract. Compared with the essential oil (IC50 = 10.2 +/- 0.22 mu g/mL), the methanolic extract showed superior antioxidant activity (IC50 = 2.1 +/- 0.11 mu g/mL). At concentrations of 25-200 mg/mL, the EOs demonstrated strong antibacterial activity with inhibition zones ranging from 7.1 +/- 0.15 mm to 24.1 +/- 0.40 mm, especially against K. pneumoniae and E. coli. The MIC range was 80.25 to 250.3 mu g/mL.Conclusion The antibacterial and antioxidant qualities of S. gigas essential oil and extracts offer scientific support for the plant's traditional medicinal uses. The EOs demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while the methanolic extract, rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, showed the strongest antioxidant activity.
This study assessed the influence of land use on soil physical and chemical properties and evaluated machine learning (ML) models for predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) content and stocks in the top 0-30 cm layer across selected sites in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 649 georeferenced samples of surface soil were analyzed for soil texture, pH, total nitrogen (TN), organic carbon, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil texture, and bulk density (BD). ML models, including random forest (RF), support vector machine, multiple linear regression, and artificial neural network, were used to improve the predictability and accuracy of the model's outcome. Validation was performed using the 10-fold cross-validation technique with R-2 and root mean squared error (RMSE) metrics. Land use significantly affected soil properties at p < 0.01. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between SOC and clay, silt, and TN, and negative correlations with pH. Variable importance analysis identified clay, CEC, and BD as the most influential predictors. Of the models, the RF resulted in R-2 of 0.9997 and an RMSE of 0.00231. The predicted values of SOC stock over the research area varied between 137.16 and 186.88 Mg C ha(-)(1) in forest land, 78.6 and 81.2 Mg C ha(-)(1) in pasture land, and 17.95 and 46.11 Mg C ha(-)(1) in cultivated land at a limited upper 0- to 30-cm soil depth. These findings highlight the reliability of ML for SOC prediction in developing climate-resilient land management strategies and targeted conservation planning across the basin.
This study presents a refined mathematical framework for modeling infectious disease dynamics using classical SIR and extended SIRV models, with a particular focus on the role of vaccination. We incorporate nonlinear vaccination effects and natural birth-death processes and derive a vaccination-adjusted reproduction number Rvto assess epidemic thresholds. Analytical results include new conditions for local and global stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria, supported by Lyapunov-based proofs. Sensitivity analysis quantifies the influence of key parameters such as infection rate, recovery rate, and vaccine coverage. Numerical simulations validate the theoretical findings and illustrate how increasing vaccination rates can suppress outbreaks and shift the system toward a stable endemic state. The results provide actionable insights for public health planning and epidemic control strategies.
A fuzzy set incorporated novel approach is proposed to address fuzzy multi-objective we change the vague multi objective inear quadratic fractional linear quadratic fractional programming problem (MOLQFPP). The problem involves m i bl (FPP) i to i m lti obj ti in q d ti fra ti l p g optimizing a set of conflicting quadratic fractional objective functions subject to linear i pr bl i th Y g ki f n ti Th constraints with triangular fuzzy number. First, we change the vague multi-objective linear q iv l nt i p ingl bje tie ptimi ati m d l is obt i d f c i p quadratic fractional programming problems (FPP) into crisp multi-objective linear quadratic MOLQFPP Th ut me of h risp p bl miAld by hem i l fractional programming problems using the Yager ranking function. The equivalent crisp ofw reAcalled LINGO Th perf rma e of h s techniques w ev l d by single objective optimization model is obtained from crisp MOLQFPP. The outcome of the crisp problem is solved by mathematical software called LINGO. The performance of these o p ng e s ts ho f t r g methods T u esu soApped e q poAet r ha techniques was evaluated by comparing the results to those of other existing methods. h hnq The numerical results show that the proposed technique performs better than the other techniques.
This paper analyses identity-based politics and multiculturalism in Ethiopia with the objectives of suggesting various wayouts with the admittance of multicultural statehood of Ethiopia. It is obvious that the world today is trapped with both interstate and intrastate conflict which is characterized by minority groups' increasing demand for recognition of their language, culture and fair representation. And the challenge in Ethiopia is also linked with those multifaceted identities. Today, Ethiopia finds itself with a complicated political crisis and civil war that costs the lives of millions, weak economic performance, low job opportunities and total insecurity motivates the author to make an investigation of identity politics with recommended solutions. With little democratic experience and being of a multi-ethnic state, well-designed independent institutions, consensus-based constitution, adoption of proportional types of electoral system and power sharing (consociational democracy) are required for Ethiopia to transition to democracy and coexist peacefully along all differences.
