Background and objective Reliable detection and monitoring of circulatory shock is critical to provide timely and effective treatments. Specifically, continuous cerebral hemodynamic monitoring is essential as cerebral tissues are vulnerable to hypoxic-ischemic conditions. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a non-invasive optical technique that measures cerebral blood flow (CBF) in microvasculature by calculating a cerebral blood flow index (BFI). Current CBF monitoring by DCS commonly relies on BFI magnitude changes or changes relative to a baseline (rBFI) of optical signals. However, BFI and rBFI are often confounded by robust compensatory mechanisms meant to stabilize CBF, thereby masking potential early indicators of shock. To address this limitation, we applied a cumulative sum approach to develop BFI-derived Hemodynamic Trend Indices (HTIs), to selectively monitor dynamic trends in CBF leading to shock. Methods Newborn piglet models of controlled blood loss (BL) and hypoxia were selected to investigate BFI, rBFI, and HTIs response to shock. Ascending and descending HTIs (aHTI and dHTI) were calculated from two-sided cumulative sum of BFI slopes. Machine learning and statistical models evaluated these biomarkers’ shock detection performance and sensitivity to insult progression. Results In hemorrhage and hypoxia groups, HTIs diverged from baseline at earlier insult epochs; HTIs at 10% BL (Hedges’ g = -0.85, 1.13) versus BFI at 50% BL, and after only ∼10–30 min of hypoxia, while BFI and rBFI declined after 40 min. In No-Shock vs. Shock classification, dHTI outperformed absolute BFI, achieving ∼0.90 accuracy and >0.8 F1-scores. Conclusion The proposed hemodynamic trend indices can monitor directional changes in CBF during insult progression towards shock, and may be further developed as potential clinical biomarkers for early indication of cerebral hemodynamic decompensation prior to circulatory collapse.
Urban vegetation provides substantial health benefits in US cities, yet the protection that existing green cover delivers has not been quantified across a broad national sample. We conducted a census-tract-level health impact assessment across the 200 most populated US cities, estimating premature deaths, stroke cases, and dementia cases attributable to current greenness and the additional burden preventable through a 10% greenness increase. Using peak-greenness Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery at 10 m resolution, population attributable fractions applied to county- and state-level baseline disease rates, and dose-response functions from published cohort studies and meta-analyses, we estimated that existing urban vegetation is associated with 133,698 fewer premature deaths annually (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 97,056 to 214,462), 24,721 fewer stroke cases (95% UI: 11,700 to 31,784), and 16,349 fewer dementia cases (95% UI: 10,609 to 22,403). A 10% vegetation increase would be associated with an additional 18,100 fewer deaths, 3,288 fewer strokes, and 2,125 fewer dementia cases. Per-capita benefits vary 14-fold across cities, driven principally by vegetation level. Equity analysis using the CDC Social Vulnerability Index across 28,620 census tracts shows that the most socially vulnerable neighborhoods have 18% lower vegetation and receive 20% fewer mortality benefits per 100,000 adults than the least vulnerable. These estimates represent the statistical burden attributable to current vegetation exposure rather than individually identifiable prevented events, and they quantify what is at risk when existing urban green space is removed. We identify 4,185 doubly burdened tracts as priority targets for equitable greening investment.
In youth–i.e., adolescents and young adults–mental disorders represent a major burden on well-being and quality of life. This scientometric study aimed to map research trends concerning any mental disorder in youth. We searched the Web of Science Core Collection for studies published between 01/01/1985 and 28/08/2025, using keywords on mental disorders and youth. Co-citation reference networks were extracted. R-bibliometrix/CiteSpace were used. 65,684 studies were included, forming a well-structured co-reference network. A trend in the 1980s concerned the prevalence/outcomes of specific mental disorders such as depressive and anxiety disorders. In the 1990s/2000s, research trends concerned assessment tools, pharmacotherapy (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics), bipolar disorders and schizophrenia. In the 2010s, early intervention for psychosis was a dominant focus, influencing prevention in mental health. The 2010s also focused on ADHD, eating disorders, gaming disorder, autism, depression and suicide, fMRI, and transgender health, beyond gender dysphoria. In the 2020s, a recent trend has increasingly focused on global evidence on the age at onset and burden across mental disorders, access to care, network analysis, and COVID-19. Over time, research has broadened the focus from adolescence to youth across mental health problems. Both disorder-specific and transdiagnostic research trends were observed. Novel trends in 2023–2025 included substance use, lifestyle psychiatry, evidence synthesis and non-suicidal self-injury. Most studies were conducted in Western countries. Underrepresented research areas included the involvement of youth with lived/living experience in identifying meaningful outcomes, open science, implementation research, economic evaluations, machine-learning approaches, and social determinants of mental health.
Abstract Achieving a balance between density and strength in synthetic sintered lightweight aggregates (LWA) is crucial for their effective performance in various applications such as lightweight concrete. LWA density and strength are governed by the properties and morphology of their solid and pore components. This study explores engineering solid and pore components during LWA sintering by balancing the viscosity of the melt and gas release. Two types of waste coal combustion ash (WCCA), with different iron oxide ( Fe 2 O 3 ) and carbon (C) contents, were utilized, with aqueous NaOH added as a fluxing agent. Fe 2 O 3 powder was added to WCCA to modulate gas generation during sintering. The development of pore structures in LWA was evaluated after rapid sintering at temperatures of 1,000°C–1,100°C. Pore structures were analyzed using X-ray computed tomography, while mineralogical composition was assessed through quantitative X-ray diffractometry. Key properties such as specific gravity and crushing strength were evaluated. The findings reveal that the porosity, strength, and density of LWA can be controlled by modifying the Fe 2 O 3 and C content in WCCA/NaOH blends. WCCA with lower Fe 2 O 3 and C contents yielded LWA with reduced porosity and higher strength, whereas those with higher Fe 2 O 3 and C contents resulted in higher porosity, suitable for applications where strength is less critical.
This review synthesizes the key scientific discussions and clinical insights presented at the Core Conference of GlomCon Hawaii 2025, held in Oahu, Hawaii, from September 23–25, 2025.
