The increase of energy demand and reduction in resources for conventional energy generation have promoted the use of renewable energy sources for energy production. As the only carbon-free with the highest energy content compared to any known fuel, H2 is globally accepted as an environmentally benign renewable energy carrier, alternative to fossil fuels. Based on the feedstocks used, the various processes for its production are generally distinguished in reforming, nonreforming, and water-splitting. In the context of sustainable development, electrolytic power-to-hydrogen mechanism constitutes a potential candidate capable of satisfying all aspects of the energy trilemma, namely affordability, reliability, and sustainability, and providing the pathway for 100% renewable and sustainable energy systems. Considering large and cost-efficient centralized hydrogen production plants, some management-based challenges regard the utilization factor, product purity, storage, transport and distribution, and safety issues. However, the flexibility from power-to-hydrogen plant makes it profitable through reasonable operation among multiple energy sectors, while ensuring universal access to energy, reducing the associated with energy greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing the energy security, minimizing overall costs, creating opportunities for more local jobs, and eliminating the risk over nuclear accidents and nuclear proliferation.
An effort to highlight the role of space charges inside dielectrics and their propagation is made in the present paper. Solid insulating materials in various parts of high voltage devices and machines are crucial for the insulating performance and their reliable functioning duration. Space charge distributions and space charge propagation in the form of pulses, called charge packets, are studied in this paper pointing out on one hand the initiating mechanisms and on the other hand the propagation mechanisms of charges inside dielectrics, as they are introduced in the scientific literature. Experimental data are used from other papers, mainly those referring to space charge distributions versus space and simultaneously versus time in a classification attempt of the aforementioned parameters.
A demand response scheme that uses direct device control to actively exploit prosumer flexibility has been identified as a key remedy to meet the challenge of increased renewable energy sources integration. Although a number of direct control-based demand response solutions exist and have been successfully deployed and demonstrated in the real world, they are typically designed for, and are effective only at small scale and/or target specific types of loads, leading to relatively high cost-of-entry. This prohibits deploying scalable solutions.
Due to the increase in the numbers of wind farms connected to the Distribution Network, and the requirement of the European Distribution System Operators (EDSO) to integrate them sufficient into the network, grid code compliance rules have been implemented to ensure system contribution of wind farms without disturbing the quality, safety, and reliability of the grid. Before connection to the grid, wind farms must verify that they comply with regulations like, voltage control - both steady state and dynamic, voltage dependent reactive power injection or absorption, and fault ride through stability. The paper evaluates some Grid Code compliance tests based on software simulations and real field data. (6 pages)
