Enbridge Inc. is a multinational pipeline company headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Over time, it has continued to grow through the acquisition of other existing pipeline companies and the expansion of their projects. It owns and operates pipelines throughout Canada and the United States, transporting crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids. Enbridge's expansive pipeline system is the longest in North America. Its crude oil system consists of 27,500 kilometres (17,100 miles) of pipelines in Canada and the United States. Its 38,300 kilometre (23,800 mile) natural gas pipeline system connects across multiple Canadian provinces, throughout several US states, and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.Enbridge's pipelines transport 20% of the natural gas consumed in the United States. It owns and operates Canada's largest natural gas distribution network, providing distribution services in Ontario and Quebec. Union Gas in Ontario now fully operates under Enbridge Gas Inc. In Quebec, Enbridge has interest ownership in Gazifère. Despite its main business being fossil fuels, Enbridge has proposed a net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, with an interim target to reduce emissions intensity by 35% by 2030. It has built several renewable energy projects within North America and Europe in recent years, including wind and solar assets, waste heat recovery facilities, a geothermal project, a power transmission project, and a hydroelectric facility. Enbridge has two Technology + Innovation labs, one in Calgary, Alberta, and the other in Houston, Texas.Throughout its operations, Enbridge has experienced spills and protests against the expansion of its pipelines. Most recently, its Line 3 Replacement Project came under scrutiny in Minnesota, and Line 5 has attracted attention in Michigan.
ABSTRACT: Stress estimation is fraught with uncertainty due to limited knowledge of subsurface conditions and low data quality. Notwithstanding, simulation of hydraulic fracture geometries for petroleum engineering applications relies heavily on the stress profile. Here, we illustrate how the variation in reported Poisson's ratio can impact fracture modeling output. We present the sensitivity of formation stresses and simulated fracture geometries to the Poisson’s ratio values determined from core sample triaxial testing and formation logging from a well in the Uinta basin. We construct a set of stress profiles from sonic logs, calibrated to a set of lab measured Poisson’s ratio selection strategies by using the industry standard MANNIE-1 correlations. We discuss the impact of the horizontal to vertical Poisson’s ratio trends, simulate fracture geometries with each Poisson’s ratio interpretation, and discuss the results. Results indicate that Poisson’s ratios can vary significantly depending upon the lab measurement value selection strategy. The selection strategies which result in overall lower Poisson’s ratios result in dampened in situ stress contrasts, leading to larger predicted hydraulic fracture area. The unique combination of magnitudes measured during axial unload cycles lead to favorable conditions for simulating fracture height growth and inspire the question of how to select moduli which best represent the subsurface.
