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This paper delves into the theoretical foundations of option trading activities, profit and loss attribution, and associated hedging in the presence of market risk. While the Black-Scholes formula is a fundamental tool for pricing European options, it assumes constant volatility. In practice, the volatility surface, characterized by maturity and strike level dimensions, is introduced to match market prices. Investment banks play a pivotal role in options trading, where clients, such as oil producers, airlines, and insurers, manage their risk by trading options. Investment banks, when involved in such transactions, delta hedge the options to balance their risk. This paper demonstrates that the gains from the hedging activity will equate to the option's price, shedding light on the mathematical derivation under the assumptions of flat and sideways market movements. This reformulation of the Black-Scholes formula provides valuable insights into option trading strategies.
This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 17-item "Smart Applications for Asthma Care: Nursing Students' Insights Survey," which includes subscales such as "Being Mindful of the Client's Breathing," "Caring abilities of the student nurse," and "Integrating smart application technology into client care." The questionnaire measures the effectiveness of smart app technology in asthma patient care among nursing students. While the questionnaire demonstrates reliability through composite reliability, only the subscale "Integrating smart application technology into client care" exhibits convergent validity as confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results of the structural equation modeling (SEM) indicate a significant relationship between caring abilities and asthma knowledge, as evidenced by a strong positive path coefficient (β = 0.916, p = .006), suggesting that nursing students with higher levels of caring abilities tend to possess greater knowledge about asthma. However, no significant relationships arise between smart app use and either caring abilities (β = 0.007, p = 1.00) or asthma knowledge (β = 0.231, p = .227). Similarly, mindful breathing did not show a significant relationship with either caring abilities (β = 0.006, p = .999) or asthma knowledge. The results suggest that while caring abilities are positively associated with asthma knowledge, the use of smart apps and mindful breathing may not directly impact either caring abilities or asthma knowledge among nursing students in this study. Moreover, the relationship between smart app use and mindful breathing is not statistically significant. Pretest Q3 (0.83571), Posttest Q3 (0.86561), and Posttest Average (0.85415) have high R ² values, indicating their significant predictive power in the performance of nursing students in this study. Further research is warranted to address these results, given the significant differences between the user and baseline structural models, and to optimize the integration of smart app technologies. Keywords: structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis, smart app, smart application, healthcare technology, nursing education, nursing students, asthma management DOI : 10.7176/JHMN/116-03 Publication date: May 30th 2024
Although paternal incest has been well documented and studied, there is very little research on maternal incest, and victims rarely seek help. New clinical evidence suggests that maternal incest occurs at a much higher rate than previously thought. Estimates indicate approximately 5% of sexually abused girls and 20% of sexually abused boys have been victimized by women perpetrators. Myths that discourage the acceptance of male victimization are compounded by the idea of mothers as caregivers and nurturers. The societal taboo surrounding maternal incest can be particularly damaging to victims, resulting in guilt and shame. The attitudes of mental health professionals in regard to myths about maternal incest can promote conditions that either encourage or discourage men or boys from opening up about this type of abuse. This article reviews the prevalence and dynamics of maternal incest, the shame felt by victims and its consequences, treatment approaches, and areas of future research needed.
