The first detection of tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) in tomato crops in the Netherlands was in 2019. Since then, the National Plant Protection Organization of the Netherlands has conducted surveys to trace and monitor this virus as part of the EU emergency measures up to the end of 2024. An interactive and publicly available ToBRFV Nextstrain build was developed to enable international data sharing and to support outbreak investigations. This report announces the addition of 83 (near) complete ToBRFV genome sequences in the fifth version of the ToBRFV Nextstrain build (available at https://nextstrain.nrcnvwa.nl/ToBRFV ). This announcement highlights the new features of version 5, namely support values for the phylogenetic clustering and display options at the municipality level and compatibility with Nextclade. Furthermore, it demonstrates how genomic data shared within the (international) community supports the reconstruction of introduction pathways, the monitoring of local spread, and the detection of candidate resistance-breaking genotypes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Many types of bioresource materials are beneficially recycled in agriculture for soil improvement and as alternative bedding materials for livestock, but they also potentially transfer contaminants into plant and animal foods. Representative types of industrial and municipal bioresources were selected to assess the extent of organic chemical contamination, including: (i) land applied materials: treated sewage sludge (biosolids), meat and bone meal ash (MBMA), poultry litter ash (PLA), paper sludge ash (PSA) and compost-like-output (CLO), and (ii) bedding materials: recycled waste wood (RWW), dried paper sludge (DPS), paper sludge ash (PSA) and shredded cardboard. The materials generally contained lower concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) relative to earlier reports, indicating the decline in environmental emissions of these established contaminants. However, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remain elevated in biosolids samples from urban catchments. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were present in larger amounts in biosolids and CLO compared to their chlorinated counterparts and hence are of potentially greater significance in contemporary materials. The presence of non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in DPS was probably due to non-legacy sources of PCBs in paper production. Flame retardent chemicals were one of the most significant and extensive groups of contaminants found in the bioresource materials. Decabromodiphenylether (deca-BDE) was the most abundant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and may explain the formation and high concentrations of PBDD/Fs detected. Emerging flame retardant compounds, including: decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), were also detected in several of the materials. The profile of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) depended on the type of waste category; perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) was the most significant PFAS for DPS, whereas perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was dominant in biosolids and CLO. The concentrations of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were generally much larger than the other contaminants measured, indicating that there are major anthropogenic sources of these potentially hazardous chemicals entering the environment. The study results suggest that continued vigilance is required to control emissions and sources of these contaminants to support the beneficial use of secondary bioresource materials.
Bacterial diseases are one of the most important biotic constraints of potato production, especially in tropical and subtropical regions, and in some warm temperate regions of the world. About seven bacterial diseases affect potato worldwide and cause severe damages especially on tubers, the economically most important part of the plant. Bacterial wilt and back leg are considered the most important diseases, whereas potato ring rot, pink eye, and common scab are the minor. Knowledge about zebra chip is extremely rare, as it occurs in a very isolated area and is an emerging disease in New Zealand, Europe, the USA and Mexico. Potato crop losses due to bacterial diseases could be direct and indirect; and they have several dimensions, some with short-term consequences such as yield loss and unmarketability of the produce and others with long-term consequences such as economic, environmental, and social. Some of them are of national and international importance and are the major constraints to clean seed potato production, with considerable indirect effects on trade. This review focuses on Clavibacter spp., Ralstonia spp., Pectobacterium spp., Dickeya spp., Streptomyces spp., and Liberibacter spp. pathogenic to potato, and looks at the respective pathogen in terms of their taxonomy and nomenclature, host range, geographical distribution, symptoms, epidemiology, pathogenicity and resistance, significance and economic losses, and management strategies. Nevertheless, the information collected here deal more with diseases known in developed and developing countries which cause severe economic losses on potato value chain.
