Goenka College of Commerce and Business Administration is a commerce college of India. It is a Kolkata-based degree-granting college that offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in commerce, and an MBA degree course. It is affiliated with the University of Calcutta. Earlier it was a part of Presidency College, Kolkata where it started as a department but later with growing demand it had to be shifted into its new premises as a separate institute under the University of Calcutta..
Of late, there has been a revolutionary shift in technology, digitalization and machine learning which has opened up a new frontier of ‘generative artificial intelligence’ (AI), across the globe. AI basically refers to a spectrum of interrelated machine learning technologies applied to solve problems inspired by human intelligence. Future of Jobs Report (May 2023) has predicted a churn in the structure and composition of the labour market. One may decompose the effect of this AI into three broad dimensions: a displacement effect, a productivity effect and a reinstatement effect. The present chapter attempts to investigate the possible divergent impact of AI across countries (developed, developing and emerging nations) and variations of AI tools across different occupations, education levels and skills. Using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data (Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey) and World Bank data (Skill Measurement Programme (STEP) survey), an occupation-wise AI Susceptible Index (AISI) has been constructed. Principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to estimate occupation-wise weights. Further, grand AISI scores are computed in different occupations. A higher score suggests a bigger possibility of adoption of AI. The study reveals that (i) the jobs are more threatened by AI in advanced economies (AEs) compared to emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs); (ii) occupations like managers, professionals and clerical support workers are the most vulnerable (substitutable), whereas skilled agriculture and craft-related trade workers are the least susceptible to AI; and (iii) AI susceptibility increases with increase in education levels.
The historical perspectives of structural transformation dates back to the famous contributions of W. W. Lewis (1954), Robert Solow (1956), Simon Kuznets (1966) and many others who interpreted it as a gradual process of sustained transformation from low productive agriculture to high-productive industry and later on to services through increase in per capita income (PCI) and a betterment in working environment or alternatively by a shift towards the proportion engaged in regular wage or salaried work, as opposed to casual wage work or self-employment. But this pattern of structural transformation has not followed the same pattern across countries. The present study seeks to make an in-depth analysis of its various forms and interpretations. In this context, the study attempts to make a comparative analysis of India’s structural change with that of China in terms of output share between sectors, employment share between sectors and ratio of labour productivities between sectors. In recent times, the persistent growth of the informal economy has been inextricably linked with structural transformation. So, the study tries to examine the various measures of informality between the advanced economies (AEs) and emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). India’s transformation is an exception to the standard classical pattern, as the labour share of agriculture declined and services increased, but the share of manufacturing remained stagnant (in contrast to China). Also, the proportion of self-employment is highest in case of India as compared to any of the selected EMDEs and AEs, and both demand- and supply-side factors resulted in the rising trends of informal labour in India.
Over the last decade there has been a gradual change in the global energy landscape, with fast-growing emerging markets overtaking the traditional centers in terms of energy demand. International Energy Outlook 2017 forecasts that energy consumption in non-OECD countries would increase by 41% between 2015 and 2040 in contrast to a 9% increase in OECD countries. The chapter focuses on two major areas: (1) examining the changing pattern of the composition of energy use in the two selected countries of Asia (India and China) and (2) examining the short-run and long-run relationship among energy use, GDP per capita, energy intensity, use of electricity power, extent of urbanization. Using ARDL bound test for the period 1990 to 2014 for the World Development Indicator data 2017-18, it reveals that the powerhouses of global energy demand growth are led by the developing economies of Asia (i.e., China, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Brazil, Singapore, and Thailand). In the case of India, a long-run association has been found between energy use and GDP per capita, energy intensity, use of electricity power, and extent of urbanization, but no instances are for China.
Recently, entrepreneurship scholars have started to show interest in how "negative" traits associated with mental disorders such as ADHD may have positive implications in entrepreneurship. While this research has the potential of producing important and counter-intuitive results, it is still in its infancy and the causal mechanisms that drive those individuals to be attracted to entrepreneurship have received limited attention. Consequently, we draw on the person-environment fit literature and propose that individuals are attracted to, and engage in, entrepreneurship because the task environment of entrepreneurship which favors speed of action is aligned with the traits of those individuals. We develop and test a model which suggests that ADHD influences entrepreneurship through the multifaceted trait of impulsivity. We find that inattention is negatively but hyperactivity is positively associated with entrepreneurship. We also find that sensation seeking and lack of premeditation generally positively influences entrepreneurship, whereas urgency has the opposite influence. Taken together, this suggests complex, multifaceted implications of ADHD and impulsivity in entrepreneurship. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. Research on entrepreneur personality has been mostly associated with positive traits, such as self-efficacy and achievement motivation. However, most traits are not universally positive or negative and what is functional or dysfunctional depends on context (Judge et al., 2009). Entrepreneurship is characterized by uncertainty, which indices anxiety, worry, procrastination and inaction among most people (McMullen and Shepherd, 2006; Paulus, 2007). However, it is also a vocation that grants more autonomy in terms of job design and task allocation, which may be attractive to individuals who need more leeway in designing their own tasks. Acknowledging the high uncertainty and autonomy in entrepreneurship, we argue that ADHD symptoms, which are associated with negative consequences in many areas of life, may have positive implications in the context of entrepreneurship because ADHD is characterized by traits such as sensation seeking, a focus on action with little premeditation, and a desire for autonomy. We employ person-environment fit theory (e.g., Holland, 1997) to argue that ADHD symptoms influence entrepreneurial preferences and behavior through the multi-dimensional traits of impulsivity. Specifically, ADHD symptoms are related to higher levels of sensation seeking, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance and urgency. These traits in turn influence the perceived attractiveness of entrepreneurship and the probability of starting a business. We conducted surveys on a sample of MBA alumni from a school that is consistently ranked as one of the top fifty public MBA programs, who by virtue of their degree tend to have viable job opportunities and were thus less likely to be pushed into entrepreneurship. We find that ADHD symptoms have a complicated relationship with entrepreneurial preferences and action, with the pathway through sensation seeking and lack of premeditation being mostly positive while the pathway through urgency being negative. Further, hyperactive symptoms seem to mainly result in positive outcomes while inattention symptoms lead to negative ones. Our findings demonstrate that entrepreneurship is indeed a unique area where negative traits, such as ADHD, may represent valuable assets. Previous research has mostly associated ADHD with negative job-related outcomes (Barkley et al., 2006). Our research indicates that certain aspects of ADHD symptoms, such as sensation seeking and lack of premeditation, could lead individuals to be attracted to entrepreneurship and to start their own businesses. This suggests a contextualized view of personality traits, as well as boundary conditions to existing theories. Second, we develop and empirically test a model that links ADHD symptoms to entrepreneurship through the multi-dimensional traits of impulsivity, which provides a more nuanced and theoretically interesting understanding of the ADHD entrepreneurship relationship. The same can be said about our findings of the differential influences of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. Thus, this paper contributes to previous research on ADHD and entrepreneurship that has mostly examined the bivariate relationship between the two (e.g., Veryheul et al., 2015; Thurik et al., 2016). Finally, our post-hoc analyses showed that the effects of ADHD symptoms on entrepreneurship are more pronounced under highly uncertain environments. This is consistent with our theorizing, suggesting that individuals with ADHD symptoms are more likely to harness advantages associated With ADHD rather than suffer from associated disadvantages in highly uncertain and dynamic environments such as entrepreneurship. There are at least two important practice implications of our results. First, our results imply that individuals with ADHD symptoms may be empowered to craft their own jobs to fit their special needs. Second, our findings suggest that people with ADHD symptoms and impulsivity will tend to prefer action speed over action accuracy and that this may be functional in the context of entrepreneurship. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The part of outcome inequality, which can be attributed to the unequal circumstances is considered as unfair and it is designated as inequality of opportunity in the outcome space. In this study we reckon this inequality of opportunity in the distribution of weekly wage and education in India by invoking two alternative methods of reckoning inequality of opportunity. Furthermore, it is evaluated from the results of estimations that inequality of opportunity in the distribution of labour market outcome can be attributed to the poor circumstances to achieve education, as the groups with poor circumstances in education as identified by the parametric model are the groups having greater percentage of opportunity inequality in the distribution of weekly wage. This finding corroborates the existence of a vicious cycle from low educational achievement to low earning to low educational achievement in India.
