This qualitative study used semi-structured individual interviews to explore how 10 relatively new senior level student affairs administrators at institutions with fewer than 5,000 students perceived their sense of professional belonging. Findings highlight how integration into the campus community leads to feeling and experiencing belonging in new roles, the challenges new leaders often have with cultivating a sense of belonging for themselves, and the important role new leaders play in fostering belonging for others.
As the clinical applications of RNA-based medicines continue to grow, innovative analytical approaches are essential to assess quality attributes of these complex therapeutic molecules. Synthetic oligonucleotides (ONs) such as small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides are an expanding sub-class of genetic medicines that typically consist of single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA molecules ranging from 20 to 30 nucleotides in length. Characterization of synthetic ONs presents considerable analytical challenges due to their relatively large molecular size, polyanionic nature, and the potential for numerous synthetic modifications and impurities. It is becoming increasingly clear that conventional chromatographic methodologies are not always sufficient to fully resolve the full impurity profile present in these samples. 2D-LC is a potentially effective solution, enabling rapid resolution of species that co-elute from the first dimension using a complementary second dimension separation. In this work we explore the potential utility of pairing HILIC separation in the second dimension as a complement to a first dimension ion-pairing reversed-phase separation. Using a 23-mer surrogate ON and several closely related structures representing potential impurities, we find that the selectivities of the IPRP and HILIC separations are highly complementary, and thus suitable for pairing in a 2D separation format. Moreover, the mass loadability of the two separations are similar under the conditions studied, which gives the user flexibility when choosing which separation to use in the first dimension. We then demonstrate that an iterative retention modeling approach can be used to systematically discover shallow second dimension gradients needed to resolve species that co-elute from the first dimension column. In an unexpected twist, we found that the interface conditions must be optimized when using Active Solvent Modulation, because the weakest diluent (i.e., high ACN for a HILIC separation) does not always yield the best second dimension separation. Finally, we developed IPRP-HILIC methods for two different ON sequences that demonstrate improved resolution of previously co-eluting impurities and sufficient sensitivity for detection at 0.1% relative to the full length product.
The merger shocks generated by the collision of galaxy clusters elevate the pressure within the intracluster medium, significantly influencing the evolution of embedded cluster galaxies. We detect a merger shock (Mach number similar to 1.3) on the northwest side of the closest rich galaxy cluster Norma (A3627), using XMM-Newton and Chandra data. The textbook ram pressure stripping (RPS) galaxy ESO 137-001 appears to be located in the postshock region. The shock boosts RPS and may induce the formation of the brightest known X-ray tail behind a cluster late-type galaxy. Another prominent head-tail radio galaxy, ESO 137-007, with one of the longest radio continuum tails (>500 kpc), is also likely in the postshock region. The shock may have reversed the upstream jet to a one-sided radio head-tail morphology. Moreover, the shock can strip and roll the jet cocoon into a vortex ring structure like a "smoke ring" behind the end of the jet as observed by the ASKAP data. Therefore, the cluster merger shock can remarkably change cluster galaxies. Furthermore, Norma is the second brightest non-cool-core cluster following the Coma cluster, with a cool core remnant on its southeast side. Its original cool core may be disrupted by cluster mergers and/or active galactic nuclei.
In this article, we argue that teaching students to recognize and consider the genre and rhetorical context of the information they read is a critical civic skill that will help them more effectively navigate the complex and confusing world of contemporary political communication. Going beyond the important skill of learning to identify "fake news," we describe an approach to improve information literacy within an undergraduate political science course by teaching students about the related concepts of genre and rhetorical context (purpose, audience, and context), how to look for the subtle cues that indicate genre, and how to identify the genre and rhetorical context of the things they read and use as sources in their own work. Assessment and survey data shows that intentional instruction in genre and rhetorical context improves students' ability to correctly identify the genre, purpose, and trustworthiness of information they encounter. We offer a novel contribution to the literature by bridging theoretical approaches in pedagogy, political science, and library science to demonstrate a practical way to help students develop stronger civic skills through information literacy and critical reading.
The analytical toolbox used to characterize surfactant mixtures in support of research, development, and manufacturing includes liquid and gas chromatography, spectroscopic techniques, and mass spectrometry. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) is particularly well suited to the challenge of characterizing these mixtures because separations with complementary selectivities can be coupled to resolve molecules according to distributions of two or more functional groups. In this work we have discovered mobile phase conditions that can be used to resolve isomeric species present in mixtures of ethylene oxide (EO) - propylene oxide (PO) diblock copolymers. Specifically, we find that use of non-aqueous hydrophilic interaction (NA-HILIC) conditions, where the water typically used as the strong solvent is replaced by an alcohol, provide the selectivity needed to resolve copolymer isomers that only differ in the orientation of PO groups within the copolymer chain. When used in a 2D-LC method, these conditions enable highly selective separation of hundreds of peaks, both by the number of EO (first dimension) and PO (second dimension) groups, and according to PO isomer structure. Within analysis times of about four hours, we achieved peak capacities on the order of 1000, which we believe is a significant step forward in the characterization of EO-PO copolymers relative to prior published work and will be very useful for understanding the composition and behavior of these mixtures going forward.
