In an earlier paper (Atwell, et al., 2015), we investigated solar particle event (SPE) radiation exposures (absorbed dose) to small, thinly-shielded spacecraft during a period when the sunspot number (SSN) was less than 30. These SPEs contain Ground Level Events (GLE), sub-GLEs, and sub-sub-GLEs (Tylka and Dietrich, 2009, Tylka and Dietrich, 2008, and Atwell, et al., 2008). GLEs are extremely energetic solar particle events having proton energies extending into the several GeV range and producing secondary particles in the atmosphere, mostly neutrons, observed with ground station neutron monitors. Sub-GLE events are less energetic, extending into the several hundred MeV range, but do not produce secondary atmospheric particles. Sub-sub GLEs are even less energetic with an observable increase in protons at energies greater than 30 MeV, but no observable proton flux above 300 MeV. In this paper, we consider those SPEs that occurred during 1973-2010 when the SSN was greater than 30 but less than 50. In addition, we provide probability estimates of absorbed dose based on mission duration with a 95% confidence level (CL). We also discuss the implications of these data and provide some recommendations that may be useful to spacecraft designers of these smaller spacecraft.
Foliage penetration(FOPEN) Radar is a technical approach to find and characterize man-made objections under dense foliage,as well as characterizing the foliage itself.It has applications in both military surveillance and civilian geospatial imaging.This tutorial is divided into three parts.Firstly,the early history of FOPEN Radar:battlefield surveillance and the early experiments in foliage penetration radar are covered.There were some very interesting developments in radar technology that enabled our ability to detect fixed and moving objects under dense foliage.The most important part of that technology was the widespread awareness of the benefits of coherent radar and the advent of digital processing.Almost as important was the quantification of the radar propagation through foliage,and its scattering and loss effects.Secondly,FOPEN synthetic aperture radar(SAR):with concentration on development results from several systems.These systems were developed for both military and commercial applications,and during a time of rapid awareness of the need and ability to operate in a dense signal environment.A brief description of each radar system will be provided along with illustrations of the SAR image and fixed object detection capability.The next section will quantify the benefits of polarization diversity in detecting and characterizing both man made and natural objects.There is a clear benefit for use of polarization in the target characterization and false alarm mitigation.Finally the techniques developed for ultra wideband and ultra wide angle image formation will be presented.In the end,new research in multi-mode ultra-wideband radar:with the design of both SAR and moving target indication(MTI) FOPEN systems.Particular note will be taken on the benefits and difficulties in designing these ultra-wideband(UWB) systems,and operation in real world electromagnetic environments.At common FOPEN frequencies,the systems have generally been either SAR or MTI due to the difficulties of obtaining either bandwidth or aperture characteristics for efficient operation.The last two sections of the tutorial will illustrate new technologies that are appearing in the literature that have promise for future multimode operation:the need to detect low minimum discernable velocity movement;and the operation of bistatic SAR in concert with a stationary GMTI illumination waveform.
Home Study Course in Allergy and Asthma 'This self-study course by Drs.Bus:,e, Elush.Graziano, :trid L,emanskc of the Ilniversity of Wisconsin Medical School, emphasizes haslc science principles
